Fungi are eukaryotes that play essential roles in ecosystems. Among fungi, Basidiomycota is one of the major phyla with more than 40,000 described species. We review species diversity of Basidiomycota from five groups with different lifestyles or habitats: saprobic in grass/forest litter, wood-decaying, yeast-like, ectomycorrhizal, and plant parasitic. Case studies of Agaricus, Cantharellus, Ganoderma, Gyroporus, Russula, Tricholoma, and groups of lichenicolous yeast-like fungi, rust fungi, and smut fungi are used to determine trends in discovery of biodiversity. In each case study, the number of new species published during 2009–2020 is analysed to determine the rate of discovery. Publication rates differ between taxa and reflect different states of progress for species discovery in different genera. The results showed that lichenicolous yeast-like taxa had the highest publication rate for new species in the past two decades, and it is likely this trend will continue in the next decade. The species discovery rate of plant parasitic basidiomycetes was low in the past ten years, and remained constant in the past 50 years. We also found that the establishment of comprehensive and robust taxonomic systems based on a joint global initiative by mycologists could promote and standardize the recognition of taxa. We estimated that more than 54,000 species of Basidiomycota will be discovered by 2030, and estimate a total of 1.4–4.2 million species of Basidiomycota globally. These numbers illustrate a huge gap between the described and yet unknown diversity in Basidiomycota.

真菌是在生态系统中发挥重要作用的真核生物。在真菌中，担子菌门是主要门之一，已描述的物种超过 40,000 个。我们回顾了具有不同生活方式或栖息地的五个类群的担子菌门的物种多样性：草/森林凋落物中的腐生菌、腐木菌、酵母样菌、外生菌根菌和植物寄生菌。对伞菌属、鸡油菌属、灵芝属、圆孔菌属、红菇属、口蘑属以及地衣酵母类真菌、锈菌和黑粉菌真菌类群的案例研究用于确定生物多样性发现的趋势。在每个案例研究中，都会分析 2009 年至 2020 年期间发布的新物种数量，以确定发现率。不同类群的发表率不同，反映了不同属物种发现的不同进展状态。结果表明，地衣酵母样类群在过去二十年中新物种的发表率最高，并且这种趋势很可能在未来十年中持续下去。植物寄生担子菌物种发现率近10年较低，近50年保持稳定。我们还发现，基于真菌学家的全球联合倡议建立全面而强大的分类系统可以促进和标准化分类群的识别。我们估计，到 2030 年，将发现超过 54,000 种担子菌门，并估计全球担子菌门总数为 1.4-420 万种。这些数字说明了担子菌门已描述的多样性和未知的多样性之间存在巨大差距。