Ionogels with high transparency, stretchability and self-healing capability show great potential for wearable electronics. Here, a kind of highly transparent, stretchable and self-healable ionogels are designed using double physical cross-linking including hydrogen bonding and dipole–dipole interaction. Owing to the dynamic and reversible nature of the ion–dipole interaction and hydrogen bonds of polymeric chains, the ionogel possesses good self-healing capability. The multifunctional sensors for strain and temperature are fabricated based on ionogel. The ionogel can serve as strain sensor that exhibited high sensitivity [gauge factor (GF) = 3.06] and durability (1000 cycles) to a wide range of strains (0–300%). Meanwhile, the ionogel shows rapid response to temperature, due to the temperature dependence of its ionic conductivity. Furthermore, the ionogel fibers with excellent antifreezing (− 20 °C) capability are fabricated, and the fibers show the good sensing performance to human motions and temperature. Importantly, the antifreezing ionogel-based triboelectric nanogenerator (ITENG) is assembled for efficient energy harvesting. The ITENG shows a short circuit current (I_SC) of 6.1 μA, open circuit voltage (V_OC) of 115 V, and instantaneous peak power density of 334 mW m⁻². This work provides a new strategy to design ionogels for the advancement of wearable electronics.

Graphic Abstract

中文翻译：

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用于多功能传感器、摩擦纳米发电机和可穿戴纤维电子设备的高度透明、可拉伸和自修复离子凝胶

具有高透明度、可拉伸性和自愈能力的离子凝胶显示出可穿戴电子产品的巨大潜力。在这里，使用包括氢键和偶极-偶极相互作用的双重物理交联设计了一种高度透明、可拉伸和自修复的离子凝胶。由于聚合物链的离子-偶极相互作用和氢键的动态和可逆性质，离子凝胶具有良好的自愈能力。基于离子凝胶制备了多功能应变和温度传感器。离子凝胶可用作应变传感器，对各种应变 (0–300%) 表现出高灵敏度 [应变系数 (GF) = 3.06] 和耐久性（1000 次循环）。同时，由于离子电导率的温度依赖性，离子凝胶对温度显示出快速响应。此外，制备了具有优异抗冻（-20°C）能力的离子凝胶纤维，该纤维对人体运动和温度显示出良好的传感性能。重要的是，组装了基于抗冻离子凝胶的摩擦纳米发电机（ITENG）以实现高效的能量收集。ITENG 显示短路电流（I _SC ) 为 6.1 μA，开路电压 ( V _OC ) 为 115 V，瞬时峰值功率密度为 334 mW m ^-2。这项工作为设计离子凝胶以促进可穿戴电子产品的发展提供了一种新策略。

图形摘要