Human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) have enormous potential in understanding developmental biology, disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. The initial human iPSC studies used fibroblasts as a starting cell source to reprogram them; however, it has been identified to be a less appealing somatic cell source by numerous studies due to various reasons. One of the important criteria to achieve efficient reprogramming is determining an appropriate starting somatic cell type to induce pluripotency since the cellular source has a major influence on the reprogramming efficiency, kinetics, and quality of iPSCs. Therefore, numerous groups have explored various somatic cell sources to identify the promising sources for reprogramming into iPSCs with different reprogramming factor combinations. This review provides an overview of promising easily accessible somatic cell sources isolated in non-invasive or minimally invasive manner such as keratinocytes, urine cells, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells used for the generation of human iPSCs derived from healthy and diseased subjects. Notably, iPSCs generated from one of these cell types derived from the patient will offer ethical and clinical advantages. In addition, these promising somatic cell sources have the potential to efficiently generate bona fide iPSCs with improved reprogramming efficiency and faster kinetics. This knowledge will help in establishing strategies for safe and efficient reprogramming and the generation of patient-specific iPSCs from these cell types.

Graphical abstract

中文翻译：

---

用于高效生成诱导多能干细胞的有前景的体细胞来源概述

人类诱导多能干细胞 (iPSC) 在理解发育生物学、疾病建模、药物发现和再生医学方面具有巨大潜力。最初的人类 iPSC 研究使用成纤维细胞作为起始细胞来源对其进行重新编程。然而，由于各种原因，许多研究已确定它是一种不太吸引人的体细胞来源。实现有效重编程的重要标准之一是确定合适的起始体细胞类型以诱导多能性，因为细胞来源对 iPSC 的重编程效率、动力学和质量具有重大影响。因此，许多小组已经探索了各种体细胞来源，以确定用于重编程为具有不同重编程因子组合的 iPSC 的有希望的来源。这篇综述概述了以非侵入性或微创方式分离的有前景的易于获得的体细胞来源，例如角质形成细胞、尿细胞和外周血单核细胞，用于从健康和患病受试者中产生人类 iPSC。值得注意的是，由来自患者的这些细胞类型之一产生的 iPSC 将提供伦理和临床优势。此外，这些有前途的体细胞来源有可能有效地产生 源自患者的这些细胞类型之一产生的 iPSC 将提供伦理和临床优势。此外，这些有前途的体细胞来源有可能有效地产生 源自患者的这些细胞类型之一产生的 iPSC 将提供伦理和临床优势。此外，这些有前途的体细胞来源有可能有效地产生真正的iPSC，具有更高的重编程效率和更快的动力学。这些知识将有助于建立安全有效的重编程策略以及从这些细胞类型中生成患者特异性 iPSC。

图形概要