Ash fusion characteristics including ash properties and morphological changes in high-temperature fusion test were studied among four types of fuels comprising two woody biomass, three straw biomass, two bituminous coals, and three biomass/coal mixtures. On the basis of ash fusion behavior and kinetic analysis of the ash melting process, a high-precision acquisition method for ash fusion temperatures (AFTs) was developed. First, a reading index of AFTs was proposed; that is, in high-temperature fusion test, initial deformation temperature (IDT), softening temperature (ST), and fluid temperature (FT) could be identified by the height shrinkage of 38%, 86%, and 98%, or the area shrinkage of 50%, 77%, and 97%, respectively. Kinetic analysis conducted on height/area shrinkage indicated that activation energy was highly related to temperature difference among IDT, ST, and FT, and low activation energy facilitated the enlargement of the temperature differences of ST-IDT and FT-ST. XRD patterns illustrated low activation energy had a promotion effect on the generation of higher melting substances such as KAlSi₃O₈ and CaSiO₃, causing the elevation of the ST and FT. At last, a calculation method for AFTs based on activation energy and average height/area shrinkage was performed, which had high repeatability within an average error of ~6°C.

中文翻译：

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灰融合行为的实验和动力学研究：一种高精度的灰融合温度采集方法

研究了四种燃料（包括两种木质生物质、三种秸秆生物质、两种烟煤和三种生物质/煤混合物）在高温熔融试验中的灰分特性和形态变化等灰分融合特性。基于灰熔融行为和灰熔融过程动力学分析，开发了一种高精度的灰熔融温度（AFTs）采集方法。首先，提出了AFT的阅读索引；即在高温熔合试验中，初始变形温度（IDT）、软化温度（ST）和流体温度（FT）可以通过38%、86%和98%的高度收缩或面积来识别收缩率分别为 50%、77% 和 97%。对高度/面积收缩进行的动力学分析表明，活化能与 IDT、ST 和 FT 之间的温差高度相关，低活化能有利于 ST-IDT 和 FT-ST 的温差扩大。XRD图谱说明低活化能对高熔点物质如KAlSi的生成有促进作用₃ O ₈和CaSiO ₃，导致ST和FT升高。最后，进行了基于活化能和平均高度/面积收缩率的 AFT 计算方法，该方法在 ~6°C 的平均误差内具有高重复性。