The Indus Valley also referred to as Sindhu-Sarasvati Civilization excelled in variety of technologies, including metallurgy. Over the span of centuries, evolving from Pre/ Early Harappan to the Late Harappan cultural phases, the civilization evolved as an urban civilization. By the mature Harappan period (circa 2700 to 18/1700 BCE) metal technology attained great perfection. Several metallurgical innovations like the intricate ciré perdue or lost wax technique, true saw and the eye needle go to the credit of the metal smiths of that period. Exclusive objects of copper, gold, and silver came to be used. For special affects, minor metals like tin, arsenic, lead, antimony etc. came to be used for alloying. Although about 70% of the copper objects of the Harappan period are unalloyed, a judicious alloying pattern as per requirements may be discerned in the metal repertoire. Arsenic was found to be present in several statues probably with a specific reason. The sharp-edged cutting tools like razors, knives or daggers, arrowheads, spearheads, drills etc show a distinct alloying pattern with alloying of tin up to 1213%. The Harappan bronze tool repertoire comprised typical leaf-shaped arrowheads, spears with bent end, shaft-hole axe, double edged axes, the sword with amid-rib or the bronze female figurines like that of the ‘dancing girl’. In fashioning of pots and pans, technique of raisingsinking and drawing was employed. Exquisite gold jewellery and silver ware, though rare, has been found from Harappan sites. We propose to address here issue related to typology, pattern of metal utilization, and the metallurgical processes as well as raw material exploited in the Indus-Saraswati Civilization.

中文翻译：

---

哈拉潘文明中的金属和冶金

印度河流域也被称为“信德-萨拉斯瓦蒂文明”，在包括冶金在内的各种技术方面都表现出色。在从哈拉蓬之前/早期到哈拉蓬晚期的文化阶段演变的几个世纪中，文明逐渐发展成为一种城市文明。到成熟的哈拉潘时期（大约公元前2700年至18/1700年），金属技术获得了极大的完善。几项冶金学创新，例如复杂的cidédue或失蜡技术，真锯和眼针，应归功于那个时期的金属匠。使用了铜，金和银的独家物品。对于特殊的影响，锡，砷，铅，锑等次要金属已用于合金化。尽管哈拉潘时期约有70％的铜物体是非合金的，在金属库中可以识别出根据要求的明智的合金化样式。发现砷可能存在于几个雕像中，可能是有特定原因的。锋利的切削工具，如剃刀，刀或匕首，箭头，矛头，钻头等，表现出独特的合金化模式，锡的合金含量高达1213％。Harappan的青铜工具曲目包括典型的叶形箭头，末端弯曲的矛，轴孔斧，双刃轴，带有肋骨的剑或像“舞女”一样的青铜女性雕像。在锅碗瓢盆的制作中，采用了沉没和绘画的技术。在哈拉潘的遗址中发现了精美的黄金珠宝和银器，尽管很少见。我们建议在此解决与类型，金属利用方式，