Abstract

Native to Europe and Central Asia, face flies (Musca autumnalis De Geer, Diptera: Muscidae) were unintentionally introduced into North America and became pests of pastured beef cattle, dairy cattle, and horses. Female and male flies use their sponging proboscis with prestomal teeth to feed around moist, mucus membranes of an animal’s face and other body parts. While feeding, face flies agitate livestock and elicit defensive behaviors (e.g., ear flapping, head shaking and batting, hiding in deep shade, and adjustment of grazing), and they can transmit eye-inhabiting nematodes and pathogenic bacteria that cause pinkeye. Face flies can be partially controlled with feed-through insecticides that prevent development of face fly maggots in fresh cattle dung pats. Adults can be partially controlled with repellents and insecticides applied directly to animals. Trap-out tactics can be effective and may involve sticky traps placed around high animal traffic areas, such as waterers and feeders in pastures, dairy entryways, or wherever else livestock congregate in pastures. A review of the insect biology and life stages, physical and economic damages, surveillance strategies, and management options for the face fly is presented.

中文翻译：

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苍蝇（双翅目：蝇科）—生物学，害虫状况，当前的管理前景和研究需求

摘要

原产于欧洲和中亚，面蝇（Musca autumnalisDe Geer，Diptera：Muscidae）无意间被引入了北美，成为放牧的肉牛，奶牛和马的害虫。雌蝇和雄蝇用海绵状的长鼻与前牙咬在一起，喂食动物面部和其他身体部位的湿润，粘液膜。进食时，苍蝇会搅动牲畜并引起防御行为（例如，拍打耳朵，摇头和击打，躲藏在阴暗的地方以及调整放牧），它们可以传播引起眼部感染的线虫和致病菌。直食性杀虫剂可以部分控制蝇，这些杀虫剂可防止新鲜牛粪中出现fly蝇development。可以通过直接向动物施用驱虫剂和杀虫剂来部分控制成年动物。诱捕策略可能是有效的，可能涉及将粘性诱捕器放置在高动物流量区域周围，例如牧场，奶牛场入口的饮水器和喂食器，或牧场中牲畜聚集的任何地方。介绍了昆虫的生物学和生命阶段，物理和经济损害，监视策略以及对面蝇的管理选择。