The neurochemical information provided by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) or MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) can be severely compromised if strong signals originating from brain water and extracranial lipids are not properly suppressed. The authors of this paper present an overview of advanced water/lipid‐suppression techniques and describe their advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, they provide recommendations for choosing the most appropriate techniques for proper use. Methods of water signal handling are primarily focused on the VAPOR technique and on MRS without water suppression (metabolite cycling). The section on lipid‐suppression methods in MRSI is divided into three parts. First, lipid‐suppression techniques that can be implemented on most clinical MR scanners (volume preselection, outer‐volume suppression, selective lipid suppression) are described. Second, lipid‐suppression techniques utilizing the combination of k‐space filtering, high spatial resolutions and lipid regularization are presented. Finally, three promising new lipid‐suppression techniques, which require special hardware (a multi‐channel transmit system for dynamic B₁⁺ shimming, a dedicated second‐order gradient system or an outer volume crusher coil) are introduced.

中文翻译：

---

人脑高级 1H MRS 和 MRSI 的水和脂质抑制技术：专家共识建议

如果来自脑水和颅外脂质的强信号未得到适当抑制，则质子磁共振波谱 (MRS) 或 MR 波谱成像 (MRSI) 提供的神经化学信息可能会受到严重影响。本文的作者概述了先进的水/脂质抑制技术，并描述了它们的优缺点。此外，它们还为选择最合适的技术以正确使用提供了建议。水信号处理的方法主要集中在 VAPOR 技术和没有水抑制的 MRS（代谢物循环）上。MRSI 中的降脂方法部分分为三个部分。首先，可以在大多数临床 MR 扫描仪上实施的脂质抑制技术（体积预选、外体积抑制、选择性脂质抑制）进行了描述。其次，介绍了结合 k 空间滤波、高空间分辨率和脂质正则化的脂质抑制技术。最后，三种有前途的新脂质抑制技术需要特殊的硬件（用于动态 B 的多通道传输系统）₁ ⁺匀场，专用的二阶梯度系统或外卷破碎机线圈）被引入。