The exact etiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains obscure, lacking effective diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. In search of novel molecular factors that may contribute to PD pathogenesis, emerging evidence highlights the multifunctional role of the calcium-binding protein S100B that is widely expressed in the brain and predominantly in astrocytes. Preclinical evidence points towards the possible time-specific contributing role of S100B in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders including PD, mainly by regulating neuroinflammation and dopamine metabolism. Although existing clinical evidence presents some contradictions, estimation of S100B in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid seems to hold a great promise as a potential PD biomarker, particularly regarding the severity of motor and non-motor PD symptoms. Furthermore, given the recent development of S100B inhibitors that are able to cross the blood brain barrier, novel opportunities are arising in the research field of PD therapeutics. In this review, we provide an update on recent advances in the implication of S100B protein in the pathogenesis of PD and discuss relevant studies investigating the biomarker potential of S100B in PD, aiming to shed more light on clinical targeting approaches related to this incurable disorder.

帕金森氏病（PD）的确切病因仍不清楚，缺乏有效的诊断和预后生物标志物。在寻找可能导致PD发病机理的新分子因素中，新出现的证据突出了钙结合蛋白S100B的多功能作用，该钙结合蛋白S100B在脑中广泛表达，并主要在星形胶质细胞中表达。临床前证据表明，S100B在包括PD在内的神经退行性疾病的发病机理中可能具有特定的时间特异性作用，主要是通过调节神经炎症和多巴胺代谢。尽管现有的临床证据存在一些矛盾之处，但血清和脑脊液中S100B的估计似乎具有潜在的PD生物标志物的潜力，特别是在运动和非运动PD症状的严重性方面。此外，鉴于能够跨越血脑屏障的S100B抑制剂的最新发展，在PD治疗药物的研究领域中出现了新的机遇。在这篇综述中，我们提供了S100B蛋白在PD发病机理中的最新进展的最新进展，并讨论了有关研究S100B在PD中的生物标志物潜力的相关研究，旨在为与这种无法治愈的疾病相关的临床靶向方法提供更多的认识。