A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks,Nature

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A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks
Nature ( IF 64.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-07 , DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2780-0
Hanqin Tian ₁ , Rongting Xu ₁ , Josep G Canadell ₂ , Rona L Thompson ₃ , Wilfried Winiwarter _{4,

5} , Parvadha Suntharalingam ₆ , Eric A Davidson ₇ , Philippe Ciais ₈ , Robert B Jackson _{9,

10,

11} , Greet Janssens-Maenhout _{12,

13} , Michael J Prather ₁₄ , Pierre Regnier ₁₅ , Naiqing Pan _{1,

16} , Shufen Pan ₁ , Glen P Peters ₁₇ , Hao Shi ₁ , Francesco N Tubiello ₁₈ , Sönke Zaehle ₁₉ , Feng Zhou ₂₀ , Almut Arneth ₂₁ , Gianna Battaglia ₂₂ , Sarah Berthet ₂₃ , Laurent Bopp ₂₄ , Alexander F Bouwman _{25,

26,

27} , Erik T Buitenhuis _{6,

28} , Jinfeng Chang _{8,

29} , Martyn P Chipperfield _{30,

31} , Shree R S Dangal ₃₂ , Edward Dlugokencky ₃₃ , James W Elkins ₃₃ , Bradley D Eyre ₃₄ , Bojie Fu _{16,

35} , Bradley Hall ₃₃ , Akihiko Ito ₃₆ , Fortunat Joos ₂₂ , Paul B Krummel ₃₇ , Angela Landolfi _{38,

39} , Goulven G Laruelle ₁₅ , Ronny Lauerwald _{8,

15,

40} , Wei Li _{8,

41} , Sebastian Lienert ₂₂ , Taylor Maavara ₄₂ , Michael MacLeod ₄₃ , Dylan B Millet ₄₄ , Stefan Olin ₄₅ , Prabir K Patra _{46,

47} , Ronald G Prinn ₄₈ , Peter A Raymond ₄₂ , Daniel J Ruiz ₁₄ , Guido R van der Werf ₄₉ , Nicolas Vuichard ₈ , Junjie Wang ₂₇ , Ray F Weiss ₅₀ , Kelley C Wells ₄₄ , Chris Wilson _{30,

31} , Jia Yang ₅₁ , Yuanzhi Yao ₁

Affiliation

International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning, NILU, Kjeller, Norway.
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.
Institute of Environmental Engineering, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland.
School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, MD, USA.
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE, CEA CNRS, UVSQ UPSACLAY, Gif sur Yvette, France.
Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
Ghent University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent, Belgium.
Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
Department of Geoscience, Environment & Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway.
Statistics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany.
Sino-France Institute of Earth Systems Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research/Atmospheric Environmental Research, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.
Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (CNRM), Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse, France.
LMD-IPSL, Ecole Normale Supérieure / PSL Université, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague, The Netherlands.
Department of Earth Sciences - Geochemistry, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA, USA.
NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA.
Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, School of Environment Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia.
Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan.
Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia.
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Istituto di Scienze Marine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Rome, Italy.
Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Thiverval-Grignon, France.
Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, New Haven, CT, USA.
Land Economy, Environment & Society, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, UK.
Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA.
Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan.
Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Department of Forestry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA.

Nitrous oxide (N2O), like carbon dioxide, is a long-lived greenhouse gas that accumulates in the atmosphere. Over the past 150 years, increasing atmospheric N2O concentrations have contributed to stratospheric ozone depletion1 and climate change2, with the current rate of increase estimated at 2 per cent per decade. Existing national inventories do not provide a full picture of N2O emissions, owing to their omission of natural sources and limitations in methodology for attributing anthropogenic sources. Here we present a global N2O inventory that incorporates both natural and anthropogenic sources and accounts for the interaction between nitrogen additions and the biochemical processes that control N2O emissions. We use bottom-up (inventory, statistical extrapolation of flux measurements, process-based land and ocean modelling) and top-down (atmospheric inversion) approaches to provide a comprehensive quantification of global N2O sources and sinks resulting from 21 natural and human sectors between 1980 and 2016. Global N2O emissions were 17.0 (minimum-maximum estimates: 12.2-23.5) teragrams of nitrogen per year (bottom-up) and 16.9 (15.9-17.7) teragrams of nitrogen per year (top-down) between 2007 and 2016. Global human-induced emissions, which are dominated by nitrogen additions to croplands, increased by 30% over the past four decades to 7.3 (4.2-11.4) teragrams of nitrogen per year. This increase was mainly responsible for the growth in the atmospheric burden. Our findings point to growing N2O emissions in emerging economies-particularly Brazil, China and India. Analysis of process-based model estimates reveals an emerging N2O-climate feedback resulting from interactions between nitrogen additions and climate change. The recent growth in N2O emissions exceeds some of the highest projected emission scenarios3,4, underscoring the urgency to mitigate N2O emissions.

更新日期：2020-10-07

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