Numerical simulation of scratching has been shown to exhibit many advantages in material development and surface design and can provide detailed information associated with the scratch structure. However, the visual appearance of simulated scratches in real‐world scenarios has seldom been studied. This study simulates the structure and visual appearance of scratches on rough polymer surfaces by combining the finite element method (FEM) with computer imaging (CI) techniques. FEM modeling of scratching incorporates a wide range of microgeometries in rough surfaces to ensure that the resulting scratch surfaces contain all features, regardless of whether they are visible to the human eye. Computer graphics produce realistic images of numeric scratch surfaces in real‐world lighting conditions. This method demonstrates the advantages of easily simulating scratches on rough surfaces and assessing both abrasion strength and visual scratch resistance. Scratch tests on commercial polymer surfaces at different scratch forces demonstrate that the method can satisfactorily predict the structures and scales of scratches. The simulated images correlate closely with camera‐acquired photographs in terms of the visual appearance of scratch surfaces, effect of lighting conditions, and dependence of the visual width of scratches on the scratching force, material, pigment, and additive in the material.

中文翻译：

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试图模拟粗糙聚合物表面上划痕的结构和逼真的图像

划痕的数值模拟已显示出在材料开发和表面设计方面具有许多优势，并且可以提供与划痕结构相关的详细信息。但是，很少研究真实场景中模拟划痕的外观。这项研究通过结合有限元方法（FEM）和计算机成像（CI）技术，模拟了粗糙聚合物表面上划痕的结构和视觉外观。划痕的FEM建模在粗糙表面上包含了多种微几何形状，以确保最终的划痕表面具有所有特征，无论它们是否人眼可见。计算机图形学可以在现实的照明条件下生成数字化刮擦表面的逼真的图像。此方法演示了易于模拟粗糙表面上的划痕并评估耐磨强度和视觉耐划痕性的优点。在不同刮擦力下对商用聚合物表面进行的刮擦测试表明，该方法可以令人满意地预测刮擦的结构和尺寸。在刮擦表面的视觉外观，光照条件的影响以及刮擦的视觉宽度对刮擦力，材料，颜料和添加剂的依赖性方面，模拟图像与相机获得的照片紧密相关。在不同刮擦力下对商用聚合物表面进行的刮擦测试表明，该方法可以令人满意地预测刮擦的结构和尺寸。在刮擦表面的视觉外观，光照条件的影响以及刮擦的视觉宽度对刮擦力，材料，颜料和添加剂的依赖性方面，模拟图像与相机获得的照片紧密相关。在不同刮擦力下对商用聚合物表面进行的刮擦测试表明，该方法可以令人满意地预测刮擦的结构和规模。在刮擦表面的视觉外观，光照条件的影响以及刮擦的视觉宽度对刮擦力，材料，颜料和添加剂的依赖性方面，模拟图像与相机获得的照片紧密相关。