Background

To assess the Volturno River pollution and its environmental impact on the Tyrrhenian Sea (Central Mediterranean Sea) caused by Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), 32 PCBs and aldrin, α-BHC, β-BHC, δ-BHC, γ-BHC (lindane), 4,4′- DDD, 4,4′-DDE, 4,4′-DDT, dieldrin, endosulfan I, endosulfan II, endosulfan sulphate, endrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide (isomer B) and methoxychlor have been selected and were analyzed in three different phases: dissolved phase (DP), suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediments. PCBs and OCPs were extracted using an SPE column for the DP and glass fiber filter for SPM and sediment samples. Cleaned extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detector (ECD) and mass spectrometry (MS) detector for PCBs and OCPs, respectively.

Results

Pollutants discharges of PCBs and OCPs into the sea were calculated in about 106.9 kg year⁻¹ (87.1 kg year⁻¹ of PCBs and 19.7 kg year⁻¹ of OCPs), showing that this river could be a major source of PCBs and OCPs pollution to the Central Mediterranean Sea. Total concentrations of PCBs ranged from 4.1 to 48.0 ng L⁻¹ in water (sum of DP and SPM) and from 4.3 to 64.3 ng g⁻¹ in sediment samples. The concentrations of total organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) obtained in water (sum of DP and SPM) ranged from 0.93 to 8.66 ng L⁻¹ and from 0.52 to 9.89 ng g⁻¹ in sediment samples. Principal component analysis shows that all PCB compounds are more likely to come from surface runoff than an atmospheric deposition.

Conclusion

The data show that higher levels of PCBs and OCPs were found in sediment samples than in DP and SPM samples, which are an indication of no fresh inputs of these compounds. Based on our results, unintentionally produced PCBs by industrial processes (and other processes) were considered to be the main sources of PCBs in Volturno River and Estuary sediments. Considering the Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs), the Ecological Risk Index (ERI), the Risk Quotient (RQ) and the USEPA Environmental Quality Standards (EQS), the Volturno River and its Estuary would be considered an area in which the integrity is possibly at risk.

中文翻译：

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意大利南部沃尔图诺河水和沉积物中的多氯联苯和有机氯农药：发生，分布和风险评估

背景

为了评估多氯联苯（PCB）和有机氯农药（OCP），32种多氯联苯和艾氏剂，α-BHC，β-BHC，δ-BHC对Volturno河的污染及其对第勒尼安海（地中海中部）的环境影响， γ-BHC（林丹），4,4'-DDD，4,4'-DDE，4,4'-DDT，狄氏剂，硫丹I，硫丹II，硫酸硫丹，异狄氏剂，七氯，七氯环氧化物（异构体B）和选择了甲氧氯并在三个不同阶段进行了分析：溶解相（DP），悬浮颗粒物（SPM）和沉积物。使用SPE色谱柱将DP和玻璃纤维过滤器用于SPM和沉淀物样品，提取PCB和OCP。通过气相色谱，分别用电子捕获检测器（ECD）和质谱（MS）检测器对PCB和OCP进行分析。

结果

多氯联苯和有机氯农药入海污染物排放约106.9千克年计算^-1（87.1公斤年^-1多氯联苯和19.7千克年^-1有机氯农药），可见这条河可能是多氯联苯和有机氯农药污染的主要来源到地中海中部。水中多氯联苯的总浓度范围为4.1至48.0 ng L ^-1（DP和SPM的总和），沉积物样品的总浓度为4.3至64.3 ng g ^-1。水中获得的总有机氯农药（OCP）的浓度（DP和SPM的总和）为0.93至8.66 ng L ^-1和0.52至9.89 ng g ^-1在沉积物样品中。主成分分析表明，与大气沉积相比，所有PCB化合物更有可能来自表面径流。

结论

数据表明，沉积物样品中发现的PCB和OCP含量高于DP和SPM样品，这表明这些化合物没有新鲜投入。根据我们的结果，通过工业过程（和其他过程）无意生产的多氯联苯被认为是沃尔图诺河和河口沉积物中多氯联苯的主要来源。考虑到沉积物质量指南（SQG），生态风险指数（ERI），风险商数（RQ）和USEPA环境质量标准（EQS），Volturno河及其河口将被视为可能具有完整性的地区有风险。