In the past few decades, tremendous advances have been made in electrocatalysis due to the rational design of electrocatalysts at the nanoscale level. Further development requires engineering electrocatalysts at the atomic level, which is a grand challenge. Here, the recent advances in cation exchange strategy, which is a powerful tool for fine‐tuning atomic structure of electrocatalysts via surface faceting, heteroatom doping, defects formation, and strain modulation, are the main focus. Proper atomic structure engineering effectively adjusts the electronic structure, and thus enhances the electronic conductivity and facilitates the adsorption/desorption of reaction intermediates. By virtue, the cation exchange strategy greatly boosts the intrinsic and apparent activities of electrocatalysts and shows a great potential toward design of new energy conversion devices, such as water splitting devices and metal–air batteries. It is believed that cation exchange offers new insights and opportunities for the rational design of a new generation of electrocatalysts.

中文翻译：

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通过阳离子交换反应工程化电催化剂的原子和电子结构的最新进展

在过去的几十年中，由于纳米级电催化剂的合理设计，电催化领域取得了巨大进展。进一步的发展需要在原子水平上工程化电催化剂，这是一个巨大的挑战。在这里，阳离子交换策略的最新进展是人们关注的重点，它是通过表面刻面，杂原子掺杂，缺陷形成和应变调制来微调电催化剂原子结构的强大工具。适当的原子结构工程有效地调节了电子结构，从而提高了电子传导性，并促进了反应中间体的吸附/解吸。凭借，阳离子交换策略极大地提高了电催化剂的固有和表观活性，并且在设计新的能量转换装置（如水分解装置和金属空气电池）方面显示出巨大的潜力。可以相信，阳离子交换为合理设计新一代电催化剂提供了新的见识和机会。