In the recent past, a significant increase has been observed in the use of underwater wireless sensor networks for aquatic applications. However, underwater wireless sensor networks face several challenges including large propagation delays, high mobility, limited bandwidth, three-dimensional deployments, expensive manufacturing, and energy constraints. It is crucial for underwater wireless sensor networks to mitigate all these limitations primarily caused by the harsh underwater environment. To address some of the pertinent challenges, adaptive hop-by-hop cone vector-based forwarding routing protocol is proposed in this article which is based on the adaptive hop-by-hop vector-based forwarding. The novelty of adaptive hop-by-hop cone vector-based forwarding includes increasing the transmission reliability in sparse sensor regions by changing the base angle of the cone according to the network structure. The number of duplicate packets and end-to-end delay is also reduced because of the reduced base angle and a smart selection criterion for the potential forwarder node. The proposed routing protocol adaptively tunes the height and opening of the cone based on the network structure to effectively improve the performance of the network. Conclusively, this approach significantly reduces energy tax, end-to-end delay, and packet delivery ratio.

中文翻译：

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基于自适应逐跳锥向量的水下无线传感器网络转发协议

最近，水下无线传感器网络在水上应用中的使用显着增加。然而，水下无线传感器网络面临着几个挑战，包括大的传播延迟、高移动性、有限的带宽、三维部署、昂贵的制造和能源限制。对于水下无线传感器网络来说，减轻主要由恶劣的水下环境造成的所有这些限制至关重要。为了解决一些相关的挑战，本文在自适应逐跳向量转发的基础上提出了自适应逐跳锥向量转发路由协议。基于自适应逐跳锥向量转发的新颖性包括通过根据网络结构改变锥的底角来提高稀疏传感器区域的传输可靠性。由于减小的基角和潜在转发器节点的智能选择标准，重复数据包的数量和端到端延迟也减少了。所提出的路由协议根据网络结构自适应调整锥体的高度和开口，有效提高网络性能。最终，这种方法显着降低了能源税、端到端延迟和数据包传输率。由于减小的基角和潜在转发器节点的智能选择标准，重复数据包的数量和端到端延迟也减少了。所提出的路由协议根据网络结构自适应调整锥体的高度和开口，有效提高网络性能。最终，这种方法显着降低了能源税、端到端延迟和数据包传输率。由于减小的基角和潜在转发器节点的智能选择标准，重复数据包的数量和端到端延迟也减少了。所提出的路由协议根据网络结构自适应调整锥体的高度和开口，有效提高网络性能。最终，这种方法显着降低了能源税、端到端延迟和数据包传输率。