Carbon dioxide (CO₂) hydrogenation to liquid fuels including gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, methanol, ethanol, and other higher alcohols via heterogeneous catalysis, using renewable energy, not only effectively alleviates environmental problems caused by massive CO₂ emissions, but also reduces our excessive dependence on fossil fuels. In this Outlook, we review the latest development in the design of novel and very promising heterogeneous catalysts for direct CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol, liquid hydrocarbons, and higher alcohols. Compared with methanol production, the synthesis of products with two or more carbons (C₂₊) faces greater challenges. Highly efficient synthesis of C₂₊ products from CO₂ hydrogenation can be achieved by a reaction coupling strategy that first converts CO₂ to carbon monoxide or methanol and then conducts a C–C coupling reaction over a bifunctional/multifunctional catalyst. Apart from the catalytic performance, unique catalyst design ideas, and structure–performance relationship, we also discuss current challenges in catalyst development and perspectives for industrial applications.

中文翻译：

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用于CO ₂加氢成液体燃料的新型多相催化剂

使用可再生能源，通过非均相催化将二氧化碳（CO ₂）加氢为液体燃料，包括汽油，喷气燃料，柴油，甲醇，乙醇和其他高级醇，不仅有效缓解了因大量CO ₂排放而引起的环境问题，而且减少了我们对化石燃料的过度依赖。在本《展望》中，我们回顾了新颖且非常有前途的非均相催化剂设计的最新进展，该催化剂用于将CO ₂直接加氢为甲醇，液态烃和高级醇。与甲醇生产相比，具有两个或多个碳（C ₂₊）的产物的合成面临更大的挑战。由CO ₂高效合成C ₂₊产物氢化可通过反应偶联策略实现，该策略首先将CO ₂转化为一氧化碳或甲醇，然后在双功能/多功能催化剂上进行CC偶联反应。除了催化性能，独特的催化剂设计思想以及结构与性能之间的关系，我们还将讨论催化剂开发中的当前挑战以及工业应用的前景。