A set of decorative contemporary tile panels, created by the Portuguese artist Maria Keil (1914–2012) for the Lisbon metro stations, was studied under a noninvasive analytical methodology. This methodology combines X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (μ‐XRF) and Raman spectroscopy in microscopic (μ‐Raman) mode for an elemental and structural composition characterisation of the glaze (glass matrix and network modifiers such as fluxes, opacifiers and colouring agents). μ‐XRF quantitative evaluation of the glassy matrix shows that all glazes have a lead silicate glass base. Results obtained by the combined use of μ‐XRF and μ‐Raman show that a zirconium‐based opacifier was used. Naples yellow (Pb₂Sb₂O₇), lead–tin yellow type II (Pb(Sn,Si)O₃), Pb–Sn–Sb triple oxide, cobalt blue (CoAl₂O₄), chromium oxide (Cr₂O₃) and malayite sphene (CaO·SnO₂·SiO₂) have been identified by μ‐Raman as some of the colouring agents, either used by themselves or in mixtures for obtaining the desirable colours intended by the artist.

中文翻译：

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玛丽亚·凯尔（Maria Keil）装饰瓷砖面板的拉曼和X射线荧光釉特征

在无创分析方法下，研究了葡萄牙艺术家玛丽亚·凯尔（Maria Keil（1914–2012））为里斯本地铁站创作的一组当代装饰瓷砖板。该方法结合了X射线荧光光谱（μXRF）和拉曼光谱在微观（μ‐Raman）模式下对釉料的元素和结构组成进行表征（玻璃基质和网络修饰剂，如助熔剂，遮光剂和着色剂）。对玻璃状基质的μ‐XRF定量评估表明，所有釉料均具有硅酸铅玻璃基底。将μ‐XRF和μ‐Raman结合使用所获得的结果表明，使用了基于锆的遮光剂。那不勒斯黄（Pb ₂ Sb ₂ O ₇），铅锡黄II型（Pb（Sn，Si）O ₃），μ-拉曼光谱法已鉴定出Pb-Sn-Sb三氧化物，钴蓝（CoAl ₂ O ₄），氧化铬（Cr ₂ O ₃）和马来石粉（CaO·SnO ₂ ·SiO ₂）是其中的一些。着色剂，可以单独使用或以混合物的形式使用，以获得艺术家想要的理想颜色。