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The formation of spinel-group minerals in contaminated soils: the sequestration of metal(loid)s by unexpected incidental nanoparticles.
Geochemical Transactions ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2019-03-13 , DOI: 10.1186/s12932-019-0061-3
Michael Schindler 1 , Haley Mantha 2 , Michael F Hochella 3, 4
Affiliation  

Mineralogical studies of contaminated soils affected by smelter emission and dust from mining activities indicate that minerals of the spinel group are one of the common hosts of metal-bearing contaminants. Spinel group minerals typically originate from high temperature processes, but an increasing number of studies indicate that metal-bearing spinel group minerals can also form under ambient Earth surface conditions in surficial soils. In this contribution to honor Donald Sparks, we show that the spinels Zn-bearing magnetite (Zn0.5Fe2.5O4) and minium (Pb3O4) form during low temperature alteration of Pb-bearing silica glass in surficial organic rich soils in proximity to a former Cu-smelter in Timmins, Ontario, Canada. The glass most likely formed during high-temperature processes and has been either emitted by the smelter or wind-blown from waste rock piles to near-by soils. The alteration of the glass by percolating pore solutions has resulted in the formation of large micrometer-size dendritic etch features and in nanometer-size dendritic alteration halos composed of nano-size prismatic crystals of Zn-rich magnetite and spherical nanoparticles of minium. Both spinel-type phases are embedded in an amorphous silica matrix which formed during the alteration of the glass at low temperature. A review on the occurrence of spinel-group minerals in smelter-affected soils or mine tailings indicates that the formation of these minerals under ambient Earth surface conditions is quite common and often results in the sequestration of contaminants such as Cu, Ni, Zn and Sb. The pedogenic spinels often occur as euhedral crystals in nano-size mineral assemblages within alteration features such as dendritic etch patterns, mineral surface coatings and mineralized organic matter. Their well-developed crystal forms indicate that (a) they have not formed during a rapid cooling process in a smelter or refinery which typically creates spherical particulate matter, and (b) they have not been part of particulate matter added via fluvial or Aeolian processes which most commonly yield anhedral morphologies. The formation of nano-size spinel-group minerals in low temperature environmental settings may lead to the long-term storage of metal(loid)s in mineral phases and their transport over vast distances via fluvial, alluvial and Aeolian processes.

中文翻译:

尖晶石族矿物在受污染的土壤中的形成:意外的偶然纳米颗粒对金属(胶体)的螯合。

对受冶炼厂排放和采矿活动产生的粉尘影响的污染土壤的矿物学研究表明,尖晶石族的矿物是含金属污染物的常见宿主之一。尖晶石族矿物通常起源于高温过程,但是越来越多的研究表明,在周围地球表面条件下,表层土壤中也可能形成含金属的尖晶石族矿物。为了纪念唐纳德·斯帕克斯(Donald Sparks),我们证明了尖晶石中含锌的磁铁矿(Zn0.5Fe2.5O4)和最小的(Pb3O4)在含铅的石英玻璃低温变化过程中在前表土附近的表层有机富集土壤中形成。加拿大安大略省Timmins的铜冶炼厂。这种玻璃很可能是在高温过程中形成的,或者是由冶炼厂排放的,或者是从废石堆到附近土壤的风吹。通过渗入孔溶液使玻璃发生变化,导致形成了大的微米级树枝状腐蚀特征,并形成了纳米级的树枝状蚀变晕,晕圈由富含锌的磁铁矿的纳米级棱柱形晶体和最小的球形纳米颗粒组成。两种尖晶石型相均嵌入无定形二氧化硅基质中,该基质在低温下改变玻璃时形成。对在冶炼厂受影响的土壤或矿山尾矿中尖晶石型矿物的发生情况的评论表明,在环境地球表面条件下这些矿物的形成非常普遍,并经常导致诸如铜,镍,锌和锑 成岩尖晶石通常以纳米晶状矿物集合体中的共面体晶体的形式出现在诸如树状蚀刻图案,矿物表面涂层和矿化有机质等变化特征内。它们的发达晶体形式表明:(a)在通常会产生球形颗粒物的冶炼厂或精炼厂的快速冷却过程中没有形成,以及(b)它们不是通过河流或风成过程添加的颗粒物的一部分。最常产生反面形态。纳米尖晶石族矿物在低温环境下的形成可能导致金属(胶体)在矿物相中的长期储存,并通过河流,冲积和风成过程在很长的距离内迁移。成岩尖晶石通常以纳米晶状矿物集合体中的共面体晶体的形式出现在诸如树状蚀刻图案,矿物表面涂层和矿化有机质等变化特征内。它们的发达晶体形式表明:(a)在通常会产生球形颗粒物的冶炼厂或精炼厂的快速冷却过程中没有形成,以及(b)它们不是通过河流或风成过程添加的颗粒物的一部分。最常产生反面形态。纳米尖晶石族矿物在低温环境下的形成可能导致金属(胶体)在矿物相中的长期储存,并通过河流,冲积和风成过程在很长的距离内迁移。成岩尖晶石通常以纳米晶状矿物集合体中的共面体晶体的形式出现在诸如树状蚀刻图案,矿物表面涂层和矿化有机质等变化特征内。它们的发达晶体形式表明:(a)在通常会产生球形颗粒物的冶炼厂或精炼厂的快速冷却过程中没有形成,以及(b)它们不是通过河流或风成过程添加的颗粒物的一部分。最常产生反面形态。纳米尖晶石族矿物在低温环境下的形成可能导致金属(胶体)在矿物相中的长期储存,并通过河流,冲积和风成过程在很长的距离内迁移。矿物表面涂层和矿化的有机物。它们的发达晶体形式表明:(a)在通常会产生球形颗粒物的冶炼厂或精炼厂的快速冷却过程中没有形成,以及(b)它们不是通过河流或风成过程添加的颗粒物的一部分。最常产生反面形态。纳米尖晶石族矿物在低温环境下的形成可能导致金属(胶体)在矿物相中的长期储存,并通过河流,冲积和风成过程在很长的距离内迁移。矿物表面涂层和矿化的有机物。它们的发达晶体形式表明:(a)在通常会产生球形颗粒物的冶炼厂或精炼厂的快速冷却过程中没有形成,以及(b)它们不是通过河流或风成过程添加的颗粒物的一部分。最常产生反面形态。纳米尖晶石族矿物在低温环境下的形成可能导致金属(胶体)在矿物相中的长期储存,并通过河流,冲积和风成过程在很长的距离内迁移。(b)它们不是通过河流或风成过程添加的颗粒物的一部分,而这些过程通常会产生无面的形态。纳米尖晶石族矿物在低温环境下的形成可能导致金属(胶体)在矿物相中的长期储存,并通过河流,冲积和风成过程在很长的距离内迁移。(b)它们不是通过河流或风成过程添加的颗粒物的一部分,而这些过程通常会产生无面的形态。纳米尖晶石型矿物在低温环境下的形成可能导致金属(胶体)在矿物相中的长期储存,并通过河流,冲积和风成过程在很长的距离内传输。
更新日期:2020-04-22
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