The widespread of the global epidemic has prompted our human beings to pay unprecedented attention to their own health and safety, and the demand for advanced biomedical treatment options has been continuously increasing. Among many emerging medical materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) stand out due to their high specific surface areas and tunable pore sizes, design versatility, biocompatibility, and the ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). In order to bridge the gap between MOFs materials and modern biomedical applications, this review discusses the applications of MOFs in multiple fields from both in vivo and in vitro perspectives, including in vitro applications such as disinfectants, self-cleaning materials, drug adsorption, antibacterial MOF membranes and films, MOF antimicrobial pharmaceuticals and tissue engineering, and in vivo applications such as MOF dynamic therapy, targeted drug delivery, MOF contrast agents, and MOF vaccines. We hope to prompt and unleash the immense potential of MOFs as an emerging biomedical material and provides valuable insights for the future development of MOFs in modern biomedical and healthcare applications.