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When We Publish: Accuracy and Quality Control in the Time of Open Access. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-16 Ruth Lehmann
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Following the Birth, Life, and Death of mRNAs in Single Cells Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-16 Bastian T. Eichenberger, Esther Griesbach, Jessica Mitchell, Jeffrey A. Chao
Recent advances in single-molecule imaging of mRNAs in fixed and living cells have enabled the lives of mRNAs to be studied with unprecedented spatial and temporal detail. These approaches have moved beyond simply being able to observe specific events and have begun to allow an understanding of how regulation is coupled between steps in the mRNA life cycle. Additionally, these methodologies are now
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Mechanisms of Regeneration and Fibrosis in the Endometrium Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-16 Claire J. Ang, Taylor D. Skokan, Kara L. McKinley
The uterine lining (endometrium) regenerates repeatedly over the life span as part of its normal physiology. Substantial portions of the endometrium are shed during childbirth (parturition) and, in some species, menstruation, but the tissue is rapidly rebuilt without scarring, rendering it a powerful model of regeneration in mammals. Nonetheless, following some assaults, including medical procedures
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The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Reaction Diffusion in Vertebrate Skin Color Patterning Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-16 Michel C. Milinkovitch, Ebrahim Jahanbakhsh, Szabolcs Zakany
In 1952, Alan Turing published the reaction-diffusion (RD) mathematical framework, laying the foundations of morphogenesis as a self-organized process emerging from physicochemical first principles. Regrettably, this approach has been widely doubted in the field of developmental biology. First, we summarize Turing's line of thoughts to alleviate the misconception that RD is an artificial mathematical
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Neofunctionalization of Toll Signaling in Insects: From Immunity to Dorsoventral Patterning Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-16 Siegfried Roth
Toll signaling plays a crucial role in pathogen defense throughout the animal kingdom. It was discovered, however, for its function in dorsoventral (DV) axis formation in Drosophila. In all other insects studied so far, but not outside the insects, Toll is also required for DV patterning. However, in insects more distantly related to Drosophila, Toll's patterning role is frequently reduced and substituted
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The Tubulin Code, from Molecules to Health and Disease Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-16 Elizabeth D. McKenna, Stephanie L. Sarbanes, Steven W. Cummings, Antonina Roll-Mecak
Microtubules are essential dynamic polymers composed of α/β-tubulin heterodimers. They support intracellular trafficking, cell division, cellular motility, and other essential cellular processes. In many species, both α-tubulin and β-tubulin are encoded by multiple genes with distinct expression profiles and functionality. Microtubules are further diversified through abundant posttranslational modifications
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Tissue Biology: In Search of a New Paradigm Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-22 Miri Adler, Arun R. Chavan, Ruslan Medzhitov
Animal tissues are made up of multiple cell types that are increasingly well-characterized, yet our understanding of the core principles that govern tissue organization is still incomplete. This is in part because many observable tissue characteristics, such as cellular composition and spatial patterns, are emergent properties, and as such, they cannot be explained through the knowledge of individual
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Transcription Factor Dynamics: One Molecule at a Time Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-04 Kaustubh Wagh, Diana A. Stavreva, Arpita Upadhyaya, Gordon L. Hager
Cells must tightly regulate their gene expression programs and yet rapidly respond to acute biochemical and biophysical cues within their environment. This information is transmitted to the nucleus through various signaling cascades, culminating in the activation or repression of target genes. Transcription factors (TFs) are key mediators of these signals, binding to specific regulatory elements within
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The Mexican Tetra, Astyanax mexicanus, as a Model System in Cell and Developmental Biology Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-12 Pavani Ponnimbaduge Perera, David Perez Guerra, Misty R. Riddle
Our understanding of cell and developmental biology has been greatly aided by a focus on a small number of model organisms. However, we are now in an era where techniques to investigate gene function can be applied across phyla, allowing scientists to explore the diversity and flexibility of developmental mechanisms and gain a deeper understanding of life. Researchers comparing the eyeless cave-adapted
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A Fish Eye View: Retinal Morphogenesis from Optic Cup to Neuronal Lamination Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-07 Caren Norden
The neural retina, at the back of the eye, is a fascinating system to use to discover how cells form tissues in the context of the developing nervous system. The retina is the tissue responsible for perception and transmission of visual information from the environment. It consists of five types of neurons and one type of glia cells that are arranged in a highly organized, layered structure to assure
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Control of Tissue Development by Morphogens Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-07 Anna Kicheva, James Briscoe
Intercellular signaling molecules, known as morphogens, act at a long range in developing tissues to provide spatial information and control properties such as cell fate and tissue growth. The production, transport, and removal of morphogens shape their concentration profiles in time and space. Downstream signaling cascades and gene regulatory networks within cells then convert the spatiotemporal morphogen
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Filopodia In Vitro and In Vivo Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-05 Thomas C.A. Blake, Jennifer L. Gallop
Filopodia are dynamic cell surface protrusions used for cell motility, pathogen infection, and tissue development. The molecular mechanisms determining how and where filopodia grow and retract need to integrate mechanical forces and membrane curvature with extracellular signaling and the broader state of the cytoskeleton. The involved actin regulatory machinery nucleates, elongates, and bundles actin
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RBG Motif Bridge-Like Lipid Transport Proteins: Structure, Functions, and Open Questions Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-05 Michael Hanna, Andrés Guillén-Samander, Pietro De Camilli
The life of eukaryotic cells requires the transport of lipids between membranes, which are separated by the aqueous environment of the cytosol. Vesicle-mediated traffic along the secretory and endocytic pathways and lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) cooperate in this transport. Until recently, known LTPs were shown to carry one or a few lipids at a time and were thought to mediate transport by shuttle-like
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Cis Interactions of Membrane Receptors and Ligands Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-20 Enfu Hui
Cell-cell communication is critical for the development and function of multicellular organisms. A crucial means by which cells communicate with one another is physical interactions between receptors on one cell and their ligands on a neighboring cell. Trans ligand:receptor interactions activate the receptor, ultimately leading to changes in the fate of the receptor-expressing cells. Such trans signaling
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Regulation of TORC2 Function and Localization in Yeast Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-20 Anita Emmerstorfer-Augustin, Jeremy Thorner
Every eukaryotic cell contains two distinct multisubunit protein kinase complexes that each contain a TOR (target of rapamycin) protein as the catalytic subunit. These ensembles, designated TORC1 and TORC2, serve as nutrient and stress sensors, signal integrators, and regulators of cell growth and homeostasis, but they differ in their composition, localization, and function. TORC1, activated on the
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tRNA Dysregulation in Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Diseases Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-20 Robert W. Burgess, Erik Storkebaum
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) decode messenger RNA codons to peptides at the ribosome. The nuclear genome contains many tRNA genes for each amino acid and even each anticodon. Recent evidence indicates that expression of these tRNAs in neurons is regulated, and they are not functionally redundant. When specific tRNA genes are nonfunctional, this results in an imbalance between codon demand and tRNA availability
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The Logic of Transgenerational Inheritance: Timescales of Adaptation Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-20 Titas Sengupta, Rachel Kaletsky, Coleen T. Murphy
Myriad mechanisms have evolved to adapt to changing environments. Environmental stimuli alter organisms’ physiology to create memories of previous environments. Whether these environmental memories can cross the generational barrier has interested scientists for centuries. The logic of passing on information from generation to generation is not well understood. When is it useful to remember ancestral
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Tissue Morphogenesis Through Dynamic Cell and Matrix Interactions Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-14 Di Wu, Kenneth M. Yamada, Shaohe Wang
Multicellular organisms generate tissues of diverse shapes and functions from cells and extracellular matrices. Their adhesion molecules mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, which not only play crucial roles in maintaining tissue integrity but also serve as key regulators of tissue morphogenesis. Cells constantly probe their environment to make decisions: They integrate chemical and mechanical
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Neurobiology, Stem Cell Biology, and Immunology: An Emerging Triad for Understanding Tissue Homeostasis and Repair Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-10-06 Emily Scott-Solomon, Ya-Chieh Hsu
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) endows animals with the remarkable ability to sense and respond to a dynamic world. Emerging evidence shows the PNS also participates in tissue homeostasis and repair by integrating local changes with organismal and environmental changes. Here, we provide an in-depth summary of findings delineating the diverse roles of peripheral nerves in modulating stem cell behaviors
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Hitchhiking Across Kingdoms: Cotransport of Cargos in Fungal, Animal, and Plant Cells Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-07-29 Jenna R. Christensen, Samara L. Reck-Peterson
Eukaryotic cells across the tree of life organize their subcellular components via intracellular transport mechanisms. In canonical transport, myosin, kinesin, and dynein motor proteins interact with cargos via adaptor proteins and move along filamentous actin or microtubule tracks. In contrast to this canonical mode, hitchhiking is a newly discovered mode of intracellular transport in which a cargo
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Recent Advances in Ciliate Biology Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-07-28 Rachel A. Howard-Till, Usha Pallabi Kar, Amy S. Fabritius, Mark Winey
Ciliates are a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotes that vary widely in size, shape, body plan, and ecological niche. Here, we review recent research advances achieved with ciliate models. Studies on patterning and regeneration have been revived in the giant ciliate Stentor, facilitated by modern omics methods. Cryo-electron microscopy and tomography have revolutionized the structural study of complex
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Lipid Transport Across Bacterial Membranes Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-07-18 Sabrina I. Giacometti, Mark R. MacRae, Kristen Dancel-Manning, Gira Bhabha, Damian C. Ekiert
The movement of lipids within and between membranes in bacteria is essential for building and maintaining the bacterial cell envelope. Moving lipids to their final destination is often energetically unfavorable and does not readily occur spontaneously. Bacteria have evolved several protein-mediated transport systems that bind specific lipid substrates and catalyze the transport of lipids across membranes
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Tissue Homeostasis and Non-Homeostasis: From Cell Life Cycles to Organ States Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-07-18 Lucy Erin O'Brien
Although tissue homeostasis—the steady state—implies stability, our organs are in a state of continual, large-scale cellular flux. This flux underpins an organ's ability to homeostatically renew, to non-homeostatically resize upon altered functional demand, and to return to homeostasis after resizing or injury—in other words, to be dynamic. Here, I examine the basic unit of organ-scale cell dynamics:
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Surprises from Intravital Imaging of the Innate Immune Response Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-07-18 Michael Mihlan, Shima Safaiyan, Manuel Stecher, Neil Paterson, Tim Lämmermann
Successful immune responses depend on the spatiotemporal coordination of immune cell migration, interactions, and effector functions in lymphoid and parenchymal tissues. Real-time intravital microscopy has revolutionized our understanding of the dynamic behavior of many immune cell types in the living tissues of several species. Observing immune cells in their native environment has revealed many unanticipated
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Senescence: An Identity Crisis Originating from Deep Within the Nucleus Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-07-09 Ioana Olan, Masashi Narita
Cellular senescence is implicated in a wide range of physiological and pathological conditions throughout an organism's entire lifetime. In particular, it has become evident that senescence plays a causative role in aging and age-associated disorders. This is not due simply to the loss of function of senescent cells. Instead, the substantial alterations of the cellular activities of senescent cells
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Morphogenetic Roles of Hydrostatic Pressure in Animal Development Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-07-09 Michel Bagnat, Bijoy Daga, Stefano Di Talia
During organismal development, organs and systems are built following a genetic blueprint that produces structures capable of performing specific physiological functions. Interestingly, we have learned that the physiological activities of developing tissues also contribute to their own morphogenesis. Specifically, physiological activities such as fluid secretion and cell contractility generate hydrostatic
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Mitochondria as Cellular and Organismal Signaling Hubs Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-07-09 Koning Shen, Corinne L. Pender, Raz Bar-Ziv, Hanlin Zhang, Kevin Wickham, Elizabeth Willey, Jenni Durieux, Qazi Ahmad, Andrew Dillin
Mitochondria are traditionally known as the powerhouse of the cell, but their functions extend far beyond energy production. They are vital in cellular and organismal pathways that direct metabolism, stress responses, immunity, and cellular fate. To accomplish these tasks, mitochondria have established networks of both intra- and extracellular communication. Intracellularly, these communication routes
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Structural Biology of Cilia and Intraflagellar Transport Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-06-29 Nikolai Klena, Gaia Pigino
Cilia are ubiquitous microtubule-based eukaryotic organelles that project from the cell to generate motility or function in cellular signaling. Motile cilia or flagella contain axonemal dynein motors and other complexes to achieve beating. Primary cilia are immotile and act as signaling hubs, with receptors shuttling between the cytoplasm and ciliary compartment. In both cilia types, an intraflagellar
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Organoid Imaging: Seeing Development and Function Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-06-29 Rashmiparvathi Keshara, Yung Hae Kim, Anne Grapin-Botton
Organoids are miniaturized and simplified versions of an organ produced in vitro from stem or progenitor cells. They are used as a model system consisting of multiple cell types forming an architecture relevant to the organ and carrying out the function of the organ. They are a useful tool to study development, homeostasis, regeneration, and disease. The imaging of organoids has become a pivotal method
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How Microtubules Build the Spindle Branch by Branch Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-06-27 Sophie M. Travis, Brian P. Mahon, Sabine Petry
The microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton provides the architecture that governs intracellular organization and the regulated motion of macromolecules through the crowded cytoplasm. The key to establishing a functioning cytoskeletal architecture is regulating when and where new MTs are nucleated. Within the spindle, the vast majority of MTs are generated through a pathway known as branching MT nucleation,
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Biogenesis and Regulatory Roles of Circular RNAs Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-05-25 Li Yang, Jeremy E. Wilusz, Ling-Ling Chen
Covalently closed, single-stranded circular RNAs can be produced from viral RNA genomes as well as from the processing of cellular housekeeping noncoding RNAs and precursor messenger RNAs. Recent transcriptomic studies have surprisingly uncovered that many protein-coding genes can be subjected to backsplicing, leading to widespread expression of a specific type of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in eukaryotic
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Physiological Functions of Intracellular Protein Degradation Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-05-19 Erik McShane, Matthias Selbach
While cellular proteins were initially thought to be stable, research over the last decades has firmly established that intracellular protein degradation is an active and highly regulated process: Lysosomal, proteasomal, and mitochondrial degradation systems were identified and found to be involved in a staggering number of biological functions. Here, we provide a global overview of the diverse roles
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Adhesion-Based Self-Organization in Tissue Patterning Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-05-14 Tony Y.-C. Tsai, Rikki M. Garner, Sean G. Megason
Since the proposal of the differential adhesion hypothesis, scientists have been fascinated by how cell adhesion mediates cellular self-organization to form spatial patterns during development. The search for molecular tool kits with homophilic binding specificity resulted in a diverse repertoire of adhesion molecules. Recent understanding of the dominant role of cortical tension over adhesion binding
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Eukaryotic Cell Size Control and Its Relation to Biosynthesis and Senescence Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-05-14 Shicong Xie, Matthew Swaffer, Jan M. Skotheim
The most fundamental feature of cellular form is size, which sets the scale of all cell biological processes. Growth, form, and function are all necessarily linked in cell biology, but we often do not understand the underlying molecular mechanisms nor their specific functions. Here, we review progress toward determining the molecular mechanisms that regulate cell size in yeast, animals, and plants
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Mechanochemical Principles of Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Cells and Tissues Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-05-14 Anaïs Bailles, Emily W. Gehrels, Thomas Lecuit
Patterns are ubiquitous in living systems and underlie the dynamic organization of cells, tissues, and embryos. Mathematical frameworks have been devised to account for the self-organization of biological patterns, most famously the Turing framework. Patterns can be defined in space, for example, to form stripes; in time, such as during oscillations; or both, to form traveling waves. The formation
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Motor Cooperation During Mitosis and Ciliogenesis Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-05-05 Guangshuo Ou, Jonathan M. Scholey
Cilia and mitotic spindles are microtubule (MT)-based, macromolecular machines that consecutively assemble and disassemble during interphase and M phase of the cell cycle, respectively, and play fundamental roles in how eukaryotic cells swim through a fluid, sense their environment, and divide to reproduce themselves. The formation and function of these structures depend on several types of cytoskeletal
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The Plant Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-04-08 Alex Willems, Lieven De Veylder
The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) represents a large multisubunit E3-ubiquitin ligase complex that controls the unidirectional progression through the cell cycle by the ubiquitination of specific target proteins, marking them for proteasomal destruction. Although the APC/C's role is largely conserved among eukaryotes, its subunit composition and target spectrum appear to be species specific
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A Tale of Three Systems: Toward a Neuroimmunoendocrine Model of Obesity Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-06 Conan J.O. O'Brien, Emma R. Haberman, Ana I. Domingos
The prevalence of obesity is on the rise. What was once considered a simple disease of energy imbalance is now recognized as a complex condition perpetuated by neuro- and immunopathologies. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the neuroimmunoendocrine mechanisms underlying obesity. We examine the pleiotropic effects of leptin action in addition to its established role in the modulation
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Molecular Mechanisms of Sexually Dimorphic Nervous System Patterning in Flies and Worms Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-06 Stephen F. Goodwin, Oliver Hobert
Male and female brains display anatomical and functional differences. Such differences are observed in species across the animal kingdom, including humans, but have been particularly well-studied in two classic animal model systems, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Here we summarize recent advances in understanding how the worm and fly brain acquire sexually
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From Cell Types to an Integrated Understanding of Brain Evolution: The Case of the Cerebral Cortex Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-06 Maria Antonietta Tosches
With the discovery of the incredible diversity of neurons, Cajal and coworkers laid the foundation of modern neuroscience. Neuron types are not only structural units of nervous systems but also evolutionary units, because their identities are encoded in the genome. With the advent of high-throughput cellular transcriptomics, neuronal identities can be characterized and compared systematically across
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Mechanical Patterning in Animal Morphogenesis Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-06 Yonit Maroudas-Sacks, Kinneret Keren
Morphogenesis is one of the most remarkable examples of biological pattern formation. Despite substantial progress in the field, we still do not understand the organizational principles responsible for the robust convergence of the morphogenesis process across scales to form viable organisms under variable conditions. Achieving large-scale coordination requires feedback between mechanical and biochemical
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The Visual Opsin Gene Repertoires of Teleost Fishes: Evolution, Ecology, and Function Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-06 Zuzana Musilova, Walter Salzburger, Fabio Cortesi
Visual opsin genes expressed in the rod and cone photoreceptor cells of the retina are core components of the visual sensory system of vertebrates. Here, we provide an overview of the dynamic evolution of visual opsin genes in the most species-rich group of vertebrates, teleost fishes. The examination of the rich genomic resources now available for this group reveals that fish genomes contain more
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Beyond Casual Resemblance: Rigorous Frameworks for Comparing Regeneration Across Species Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-06 Mansi Srivastava
The majority of animal phyla have species that can regenerate. Comparing regeneration across animals can reconstruct the molecular and cellular evolutionary history of this process. Recent studies have revealed some similarity in regeneration mechanisms, but rigorous comparative methods are needed to assess whether these resemblances are ancestral pathways (homology) or are the result of convergent
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The Fertilization Enigma: How Sperm and Egg Fuse Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-06 Victoria E. Deneke, Andrea Pauli
Fertilization is a multistep process that culminates in the fusion of sperm and egg, thus marking the beginning of a new organism in sexually reproducing species. Despite its importance for reproduction, the molecular mechanisms that regulate this singular event, particularly sperm–egg fusion, have remained mysterious for many decades. Here, we summarize our current molecular understanding of sperm–egg
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Cell Biology of Canonical Wnt Signaling Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-06 Lauren V. Albrecht, Nydia Tejeda-Muñoz, Edward M. De Robertis
Wnt signaling has multiple functions beyond the transcriptional effects of β-catenin stabilization. We review recent investigations that uncover new cell physiological effects through the regulation of Wnt receptor endocytosis, Wnt-induced stabilization of proteins (Wnt-STOP), macropinocytosis, increase in lysosomal activity, and metabolic changes. Many of these growth-promoting effects of canonical
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Dynamic Nutrient Signaling Networks in Plants Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-06 Lei Li, Kun-hsiang Liu, Jen Sheen
Nutrients are vital to life through intertwined sensing, signaling, and metabolic processes. Emerging research focuses on how distinct nutrient signaling networks integrate and coordinate gene expression, metabolism, growth, and survival. We review the multifaceted roles of sugars, nitrate, and phosphate as essential plant nutrients in controlling complex molecular and cellular mechanisms of dynamic
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Calcium Signaling Mechanisms Across Kingdoms Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-06 Sheng Luan, Chao Wang
Calcium (Ca2+) is a unique mineral that serves as both a nutrient and a signal in all eukaryotes. To maintain Ca2+ homeostasis for both nutrition and signaling purposes, the tool kit for Ca2+ transport has expanded across kingdoms of eukaryotes to encode specific Ca2+ signals referred to as Ca2+ signatures. In parallel, a large array of Ca2+-binding proteins has evolved as specific sensors to decode
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Nonmuscle Myosin II Regulation Directs Its Multiple Roles in Cell Migration and Division Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-06 Marina Garrido-Casado, Gloria Asensio-Juárez, Miguel Vicente-Manzanares
Nonmuscle myosin II (NMII) is a multimeric protein complex that generates most mechanical force in eukaryotic cells. NMII function is controlled at three main levels. The first level includes events that trigger conformational changes that extend the complex to enable its assembly into filaments. The second level controls the ATPase activity of the complex and its binding to microfilaments in extended
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Glycocalyx Curving the Membrane: Forces Emerging from the Cell Exterior Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-06 Joe Chin-Hun Kuo, Matthew J. Paszek
Morphological transitions are typically attributed to the actions of proteins and lipids. Largely overlooked in membrane shape regulation is the glycocalyx, a pericellular membrane coat that resides on all cells in the human body. Comprised of complex sugar polymers known as glycans as well as glycosylated lipids and proteins, the glycocalyx is ideally positioned to impart forces on the plasma membrane
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Components and Mechanisms of Nuclear Mechanotransduction Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-06 Philipp Niethammer
The cell nucleus is best known as the container of the genome. Its envelope provides a barrier for passive macromolecule diffusion, which enhances the control of gene expression. As its largest and stiffest organelle, the nucleus also defines the minimal space requirements of a cell. Internal or external pressures that deform a cell to its physical limits cause a corresponding nuclear deformation.
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A New Infectious Unit: Extracellular Vesicles Carrying Virus Populations Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-06 Adeline Kerviel, Mengyang Zhang, Nihal Altan-Bonnet
Viral egress and transmission have long been described to take place through single free virus particles. However, viruses can also shed into the environment and transmit as populations clustered inside extracellular vesicles (EVs), a process we had first called vesicle-mediated en bloc transmission. These membrane-cloaked virus clusters can originate from a variety of cellular organelles including
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Mechanisms of Selective Autophagy Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-06 Trond Lamark, Terje Johansen
Selective autophagy is the lysosomal degradation of specific intracellular components sequestered into autophagosomes, late endosomes, or lysosomes through the activity of selective autophagy receptors (SARs). SARs interact with autophagy-related (ATG)8 family proteins via sequence motifs called LC3-interacting region (LIR) motifs in vertebrates and Atg8-interacting motifs (AIMs) in yeast and plants
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The Genomics and Cell Biology of Host-Beneficial Intracellular Infections Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-06 John P. McCutcheon
Microbes gain access to eukaryotic cells as food for bacteria-grazing protists, for host protection by microbe-killing immune cells, or for microbial benefit when pathogens enter host cells to replicate. But microbes can also gain access to a host cell and become an important—often required—beneficial partner. The oldest beneficial microbial infections are the ancient eukaryotic organelles now called
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Promoters and Antagonists of Phagocytosis: A Plastic and Tunable Response Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-06 Spencer Freeman, Sergio Grinstein
Recent observations indicate that, rather than being an all-or-none response, phagocytosis is finely tuned by a host of developmental and environmental factors. The expression of key phagocytic determinants is regulated via transcriptional and epigenetic means that confer memory on the process. Membrane traffic, the cytoskeleton, and inside-out signaling control the activation of phagocytic receptors
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Mechanobiology of T Cell Activation: To Catch a Bond Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-06 Baoyu Liu, Elizabeth M. Kolawole, Brian D. Evavold
T cell activation is a critical event in the adaptive immune response, indispensable for cell-mediated and humoral immunity as well as for immune regulation. Recent years have witnessed an emerging trend emphasizing the essential role that physical force and mechanical properties play at the T cell interface. In this review, we integrate current knowledge of T cell antigen recognition and the different
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Biophysical and Quantitative Principles of Centrosome Biogenesis and Structure Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-06 Sónia Gomes Pereira, Marco António Dias Louro, Mónica Bettencourt-Dias
The centrosome is a main orchestrator of the animal cellular microtubule cytoskeleton. Dissecting its structure and assembly mechanisms has been a goal of cell biologists for over a century. In the last two decades, a good understanding of the molecular constituents of centrosomes has been achieved. Moreover, recent breakthroughs in electron and light microscopy techniques have enabled the inspection
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Self-Organization of Cellular Units Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-06 Timothy J. Mitchison, Christine M. Field
The purpose of this review is to explore self-organizing mechanisms that pattern microtubules (MTs) and spatially organize animal cell cytoplasm, inspired by recent experiments in frog egg extract. We start by reviewing conceptual distinctions between self-organizing and templating mechanisms for subcellular organization. We then discuss self-organizing mechanisms that generate radial MT arrays and
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Toward a Mechanistic Understanding of Bacterial Rod Shape Formation and Regulation Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-06 Ethan C. Garner
One of the most common bacterial shapes is a rod, yet we have a limited understanding of how this simple shape is constructed. While only six proteins are required for rod shape, we are just beginning to understand how they self-organize to build the micron-sized enveloping structures that define bacterial shape out of nanometer-sized glycan strains. Here, we detail and summarize the insights gained
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Spatial Organization of Chromatin: Emergence of Chromatin Structure During Development Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-06 Rajarshi P. Ghosh, Barbara J. Meyer
Nuclei are central hubs for information processing in eukaryotic cells. The need to fit large genomes into small nuclei imposes severe restrictions on genome organization and the mechanisms that drive genome-wide regulatory processes. How a disordered polymer such as chromatin, which has vast heterogeneity in its DNA and histone modification profiles, folds into discernibly consistent patterns is a
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A Pandemic Year: Perils and Possibilities. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-06 Ruth Lehmann