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What is the carcinoid syndrome? A critical appraisal of its proposed mediators. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Merijn C F Mulders,Wouter W de Herder,Johannes Hofland
The carcinoid syndrome (CS) is a debilitating disease that affects approximately 20% of patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN). Due to the increasing incidence and improved overall survival of patients with NEN over recent decades, patients are increasingly suffering from chronic and refractory CS symptoms. At present, symptom control is hampered by an incomplete understanding of the pathophysiology
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Appetite- and weight-regulating neuroendocrine circuitry in hypothalamic obesity. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-29 Hoong-Wei Gan,Manuela Cerbone,Mehul Tulsidas Dattani
Since hypothalamic obesity (HyOb) was first described over 120 years ago by Joseph Babinski and Alfred Fröhlich, advances in molecular genetic laboratory techniques have allowed us to elucidate various components of the intricate neurocircuitry governing appetite and weight regulation connecting the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, brainstem, adipose tissue, pancreas and gastrointestinal tract. On a
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Update on Adipose Tissue and Cancer. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-09 Kristy A Brown,Philipp E Scherer
Adipose tissue is the largest endocrine organ and an accepted contributor to overall energy homeostasis. There is strong evidence linking increased adiposity to the development of 13 types of cancer. With increased adiposity comes metabolic dysfunction and insulin resistance, and increased systemic insulin and glucose support the growth of many cancers, including those of the colon and endometrium
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Diabetes mellitus, energy metabolism and COVID-19. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-02 Caterina Conte,Elisa Cipponeri,Michael Roden
Obesity, diabetes mellitus (mostly type 2) and COVID-19 show mutual interactions, as they are not only risk factors for both acute and chronic COVID-19 manifestations, but also because COVID-19 alters energy metabolism. Such metabolic alterations can lead to dysglycemia and long-lasting effects. Thus, the COVID-19 pandemic has the potential for a further rise of the diabetes pandemic. This review outlines
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Neurodevelopmental programming of adiposity: contributions to obesity risk. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-31 Alicja A Skowronski,Rudolph L Leibel,Charles A LeDuc
This review analyzes the published evidence regarding maternal factors that influence the developmental programming of long-term adiposity in humans and animals via the central nervous system (CNS). We describe the physiological outcomes of perinatal under- and overfeeding and explore potential mechanisms that may mediate the impact of such exposures on the development of feeding circuits within the
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Protective Factors and the Pathogenesis of Complications in Diabetes. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-28 Marc Gregory Yu,Daniel Gordin,Jialin Fu,Kyoungmin Park,Qian Li,George Liang King
Chronic complications of diabetes are due to myriad disorders of numerous metabolic pathways, which are responsible for most of the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. Traditionally, diabetes complications are divided into those of micro- and macrovascular origin. We suggest revising this antiquated classification into diabetes complications of vascular, parenchymal, and hybrid (both
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Metformin, cognitive function, and changes in the gut microbiome. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-21 Marisel Rosell-Díaz,José Manuel Fernández-Real
The decline in cognitive function and the prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders are among the most serious threats to health in old age. The prevalence of dementia has reached 50 million people worldwide and has become one of the major public health problems. The causes of age-related cognitive impairment are multiple, complex, and difficult to determine. However, type 2 diabetes (T2D) is linked
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Treating primary aldosteronism-induced hypertension: novel approaches and future outlooks. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-09 Nathan Mullen,James Curneen,Padraig T Donlon,Punit Prakash,Irina Bancos,Mark Gurnell,Michael C Dennedy
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common cause of secondary hypertension and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality when compared to blood pressure-matched cases of primary hypertension. Current limitations in patient care stem from delayed recognition of the condition, limited access to key diagnostic procedures, and lack of a definitive therapy option for non-surgical candidates
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Adipose tissue dysfunction and energy balance paradigms in people living with HIV. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-09 Claudia E Ramirez Bustamante,Neeti Agarwal,Aaron R Cox,Sean M Hartig,Jordan E Lake,Ashok Balasubramanyam
Over the past four decades, the clinical care of people living with HIV (PLWH) evolved from treatment of acute opportunistic infections to the management of chronic, non-communicable comorbidities. Concurrently, our understanding of adipose tissue function matured to acknowledge its important endocrine contributions to energy balance. PLWH experience changes in the mass and composition of adipose tissue
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The emerging therapeutic potential of kisspeptin and neurokinin B. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-20 Bijal Patel,Kanyada Koysombat,Edouard G Mills,Jovanna Tsoutsouki,Alexander N Comninos,Ali Abbara,Waljit S Dhillo
Kisspeptin (KP) and neurokinin B (NKB) are neuropeptides that govern the reproductive endocrine axis through regulating hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal activity and pulsatile GnRH secretion. Their critical role in reproductive health was first identified after inactivating variants in genes encoding for KP or NKB signaling were shown to result in congenital hypogonadotropic
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Crosstalk between the neuroendocrine system and bone homeostasis. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-17 Yuhu Zhao,Xiaole Peng,Qing Wang,Zhiyu Zhang,Liangliang Wang,Yaozeng Xu,Huilin Yang,Jiaxiang Bai,Dechun Geng
The homeostasis of bone microenvironment is the foundation of bone health and comprises two concerted events: bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. In the early 21st century, leptin, an adipocytes-derived hormone was found to affect bone homeostasis through hypothalamic relay and sympathetic nervous system, involving neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine. This
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Biomarkers to Guide Medical Therapy in Primary Aldosteronism. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-13 Gregory L Hundemer,Alexander A Leung,Gregory A Kline,Jenifer M Brown,Adina F Turcu,Anand Vaidya
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is an endocrinopathy characterized by dysregulated aldosterone production that occurs despite suppression of renin and angiotensin II, and that is non-suppressible by volume and sodium loading. The effectiveness of surgical adrenalectomy for patients with lateralizing PA is characterized by the attenuation of excess aldosterone production leading to blood pressure reduction
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Intracellular to Interorgan Mitochondrial Communication in Striated Muscle in Health and Disease. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-11 Neoma T Boardman,Giulia Trani,Marco Scalabrin,Vanina Romanello,Rob C I Wüst
Mitochondria sense both biochemical and energetic input in addition to communicating signals regarding the energetic state of the cell. Increasingly, these signaling organelles are recognized as key for regulating different cell functions. This review summarizes recent advances in mitochondrial communication in striated muscle, with specific focus on the processes by which mitochondria communicate
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The Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical Response to Critical Illness: A Concept in Need of Revision. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-09 Lies Langouche,Arno Téblick,Jan Gunst,Greet Van den Berghe
Based on insights obtained during the past decade, the classical concept of an activated hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in response to critical illness is in need of revision. After a brief central hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activation, the vital maintenance of increased systemic cortisol availability and action in response to critical illness is predominantly driven by
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Epigenetic Dysregulation in Endometriosis: Implications for Pathophysiology and Therapeutics. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-09 Ryan M Marquardt,Dinh Nam Tran,Bruce A Lessey,Md Saidur Rahman,Jae-Wook Jeong
Endometriosis is a prevalent gynecological condition associated with pelvic pain and infertility. Despite more than a century of research, the etiology of endometriosis still eludes scientific consensus. This lack of clarity has resulted in suboptimal prevention, diagnosis, and treatment options. Evidence of genetic contributors to endometriosis is interesting but limited; however, significant progress
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Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide in Aging Biology: Potential Applications and Many Unknowns. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-09 Shalender Bhasin,Douglas Seals,Marie Migaud,Nicolas Musi,Joseph A Baur
Recent research has unveiled an expansive role of NAD+ in cellular energy generation, redox reactions, and as a substrate or cosubstrate in signaling pathways that regulate health span and aging. This review provides a critical appraisal of the clinical pharmacology and the preclinical and clinical evidence for therapeutic effects of NAD+ precursors for age-related conditions, with a particular focus
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The Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A (PAPP-A) Story. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-09 Cheryl A Conover,Claus Oxvig
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) was first identified in the early 1970s as a placental protein of unknown function, present at high concentrations in the circulation of pregnant women. In the mid-to-late 1990s, PAPP-A was discovered to be a metzincin metalloproteinase, expressed by many nonplacental cells, that regulates local insulin-like growth factor (IGF) activity through cleavage
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Reevaluating the Role of Progesterone in Ovarian Cancer: Is Progesterone Always Protective? Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-09 Laura J Mauro,Angela Spartz,Julia R Austin,Carol A Lange
Ovarian cancer (OC) represents a collection of rare but lethal gynecologic cancers where the difficulty of early detection due to an often-subtle range of abdominal symptoms contributes to high fatality rates. With the exception of BRCA1/2 mutation carriers, OC most often manifests as a post-menopausal disease, a time in which the ovaries regress and circulating reproductive hormones diminish. Progesterone
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Treating the Side Effects of Exogenous Glucocorticoids; Can We Separate the Good From the Bad? Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-09 Riccardo Pofi,Giorgio Caratti,David W Ray,Jeremy W Tomlinson
It is estimated that 2% to 3% of the population are currently prescribed systemic or topical glucocorticoid treatment. The potent anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids to deliver therapeutic benefit is not in doubt. However, the side effects associated with their use, including central weight gain, hypertension, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and osteoporosis, often collectively termed
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Current and Future Advances in Surgical Therapy for Pituitary Adenoma. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-15 Danyal Z Khan,John G Hanrahan,Stephanie E Baldeweg,Neil L Dorward,Danail Stoyanov,Hani J Marcus
The vital physiological role of the pituitary gland, alongside its proximity to critical neurovascular structures, means that pituitary adenomas can cause significant morbidity or mortality. While enormous advancements have been made in the surgical care of pituitary adenomas, numerous challenges remain, such as treatment failure and recurrence. To meet these clinical challenges, there has been an
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Medullary Thyroid Cancer: Updates and Challenges. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-15 Matti L Gild,Roderick J Clifton-Bligh,Lori J Wirth,Bruce G Robinson
A personalized approach to the management of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) presents several challenges; however, in the past decade significant progress has been made in both diagnostic and treatment modalities. Germline rearranged in transfection (RET) testing in multiple endocrine neoplasia 2 and 3, and somatic RET testing in sporadic MTC have revolutionized the treatment options available to patients
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AMPK and the Endocrine Control of Metabolism. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-15 Logan K Townsend,Gregory R Steinberg
Complex multicellular organisms require a coordinated response from multiple tissues to maintain whole-body homeostasis in the face of energetic stressors such as fasting, cold, and exercise. It is also essential that energy is stored efficiently with feeding and the chronic nutrient surplus that occurs with obesity. Mammals have adapted several endocrine signals that regulate metabolism in response
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Biochemical Assessment of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-15 Graeme Eisenhofer,Christina Pamporaki,Jacques W M Lenders
Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL) require prompt consideration and efficient diagnosis and treatment to minimize associated morbidity and mortality. Once considered, appropriate biochemical testing is key to diagnosis. Advances in understanding catecholamine metabolism have clarified why measurements of the O-methylated catecholamine metabolites rather than the catecholamines themselves are
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Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis: From Pathophysiology to Management. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-15 Annabelle M Warren,Mathis Grossmann,Mirjam Christ-Crain,Nicholas Russell
Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder, affecting more than 15% of patients in the hospital. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD) is the most frequent cause of hypotonic hyponatremia, mediated by nonosmotic release of arginine vasopressin (AVP, previously known as antidiuretic hormone), which acts on the renal V2 receptors to promote water retention. There are a variety of underlying
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Signaling Pathways of the Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-15 Robert C Baxter
The 6 high-affinity insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) are multifunctional proteins that modulate cell signaling through multiple pathways. Their canonical function at the cellular level is to impede access of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and IGF-2 to their principal receptor IGF1R, but IGFBPs can also inhibit, or sometimes enhance, IGF1R signaling either through their own post-translational
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Molecular and Clinical Spectrum of Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-15 Smita Jha,William F Simonds
Recent data suggest an increase in the overall incidence of parathyroid disorders, with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) being the most prevalent parathyroid disorder. PHPT is associated with morbidities (fractures, kidney stones, chronic kidney disease) and increased risk of death. The symptoms of PHPT can be nonspecific, potentially delaying the diagnosis. Approximately 15% of patients with PHPT
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Coxsackievirus and Type 1 Diabetes: Diabetogenic Mechanisms and Implications for Prevention. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-11 Alexia Carré,Federica Vecchio,Malin Flodström-Tullberg,Sylvaine You,Roberto Mallone
The evidence for an association between coxsackievirus B (CVB) infection, pancreatic islet autoimmunity, and clinical type 1 diabetes is increasing. Results from prospective cohorts and pancreas histopathology studies have provided a compelling case. However, the demonstration of a causal relationship is missing, and is likely to remain elusive until tested in humans by avoiding exposure to this candidate
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Advances in the Treatment of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Carcinomas: Are we Moving Forward? Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-11 Rocio Garcia-Carbonero,Beatriz Anton-Pascual,Andrea Modrego,Maria Del Carmen Riesco-Martinez,Alberto Lens-Pardo,Carlos Carretero-Puche,Beatriz Rubio-Cuesta,Beatriz Soldevilla
Poorly differentiated gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas are aggressive neoplasms of challenging clinical management. A small proportion of patients with early-stage disease may achieve long-term survival, but the majority of patients present with rapidly lethal metastatic disease. Current standard of care still follows the treatment paradigm of small cell lung cancer, a far more common
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Insulin/IGF Axis and the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products: Role in Meta-inflammation and Potential in Cancer Therapy. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-11 Veronica Vella,Rosamaria Lappano,Eduardo Bonavita,Marcello Maggiolini,Robert Bryan Clarke,Antonino Belfiore,Ernestina Marianna De Francesco
In metabolic conditions such as obesity and diabetes, which are associated with deregulated signaling of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor system (IIGFs), inflammation plays a dominant role. In cancer, IIGFs is implicated in disease progression, particularly during obesity and diabetes; however, further mediators may act in concert with IIGFs to trigger meta-inflammation. The receptor for advanced
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LGR4: A New Receptor Member in Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-11 Ningning Zhang,Mingyang Yuan,Jiqiu Wang
Classic hormone membrane receptors, such as leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor (LGR) 1 (follicle-stimulating hormone receptor), LGR2 (luteinizing hormone receptor), and LGR3 (thyrotropin receptor), are crucial in endocrinology and metabolism, and the identification of new receptors can advance this field. LGR4 is a new member of this G protein-coupled receptor family and shows
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Correction to: "The Congenital and Acquired Mechanisms Implicated in the Etiology of Central Precocious Puberty". Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-03-04
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International Consensus Guideline on Small for Gestational Age: Etiology and Management From Infancy to Early Adulthood. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-05-08 Anita C S Hokken-Koelega,Manouk van der Steen,Margaret C S Boguszewski,Stefano Cianfarani,Jovanna Dahlgren,Reiko Horikawa,Veronica Mericq,Robert Rapaport,Abdullah Alherbish,Debora Braslavsky,Evangelia Charmandari,Steven D Chernausek,Wayne S Cutfield,Andrew Dauber,Asma Deeb,Wesley J Goedegebuure,Paul L Hofman,Elvira Isganatis,Alexander A Jorge,Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein,Kenichi Kashimada,Vaman Khadilkar
This International Consensus Guideline was developed by experts in the field of small for gestational age (SGA) of 10 pediatric endocrine societies worldwide. A consensus meeting was held and 1300 articles formed the basis for discussions. All experts voted about the strengths of the recommendations. The guideline gives new and clinically relevant insights into the etiology of short stature after SGA
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Recent Advances in the Role of Autophagy in Endocrine-Dependent Tumors. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-11 Anvita Komarla,Suzanne Dufresne,Christina G Towers
Autophagy plays a complex role in several cancer types, including endocrine-dependent cancers, by fueling cellular metabolism and clearing damaged substrates. This conserved recycling process has a dual function across tumor types where it can be tumor suppressive at early stages but tumor promotional in established disease. This review highlights the controversial roles of autophagy in endocrine-dependent
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Contemporary Biological Insights and Clinical Management of Craniopharyngioma. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-05-08 John Richard Apps,Hermann Lothar Muller,Todd Cameron Hankinson,Torunn Ingrid Yock,Juan Pedro Martinez-Barbera
Craniopharyngiomas (CPs) are clinically aggressive tumors because of their invasive behavior and recalcitrant tendency to recur after therapy. There are 2 types based on their distinct histology and molecular features: the papillary craniopharyngioma (PCP), which is associated with BRAF-V600E mutations and the adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP), characterized by mutations in CTNNB1 (encoding
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Clinical, Pathophysiologic, Genetic, and Therapeutic Progress in Primary Bilateral Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-11 Jérôme Bertherat,Isabelle Bourdeau,Lucas Bouys,Fanny Chasseloup,Peter Kamenický,André Lacroix
Patients with primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (PBMAH) usually present bilateral benign adrenocortical macronodules at imaging and variable levels of cortisol excess. PBMAH is a rare cause of primary overt Cushing's syndrome but may represent up to one-third of bilateral adrenal incidentalomas with evidence of cortisol excess. The increased steroidogenesis in PBMAH is often regulated
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New Insights into the Structure and Function of Class B1 GPCRs. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-05-08 Brian P Cary,Xin Zhang,Jianjun Cao,Rachel M Johnson,Sarah J Piper,Elliot J Gerrard,Denise Wootten,Patrick M Sexton
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface receptors. Class B1 GPCRs constitute a subfamily of 15 receptors that characteristically contain large extracellular domains (ECDs) and respond to long polypeptide hormones. Class B1 GPCRs are critical regulators of homeostasis, and, as such, many are important drug targets. While most transmembrane proteins, including GPCRs
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Bone Turnover Markers: Basic Biology to Clinical Applications. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-05-08 Marian Schini,Tatiane Vilaca,Fatma Gossiel,Syazrah Salam,Richard Eastell
Bone turnover markers (BTMs) are used widely, in both research and clinical practice. In the last 20 years, much experience has been gained in measurement and interpretation of these markers, which include commonly used bone formation markers (bone alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and procollagen I N-propeptide); and commonly used resorption markers (serum C-telopeptides of type I collagen, urinary
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Molecular Mechanisms of PTH/PTHrP Class B GPCR Signaling and Pharmacological Implications. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-05-08 Jean-Pierre Vilardaga,Lisa J Clark,Alex D White,Ieva Sutkeviciute,Ji Young Lee,Ivet Bahar
The classical paradigm of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling via G proteins is grounded in a view that downstream responses are relatively transient and confined to the cell surface, but this notion has been revised in recent years following the identification of several receptors that engage in sustained signaling responses from subcellular compartments following internalization of the ligand-receptor
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Correction to: "Brown Adipose Tissue-A Translational Perspective". Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-03-04
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Levothyroxine: Conventional and Novel Drug Delivery Formulations. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-05-08 Hanqing Liu,Wei Li,Wen Zhang,Shengrong Sun,Chuang Chen
Although levothyroxine is one of the most prescribed medications in the world, its bioavailability has been reported to be impaired by many factors, including interfering drugs or foods and concomitant diseases, and persistent hypothyroidism with a high dose of levothyroxine is thus elicited. Persistent hypothyroidism can also be induced by noninterchangeability between formulations and poor compliance
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A State of Natriuretic Peptide Deficiency. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-05-08 Michael Nyberg,Dijana Terzic,Trine P Ludvigsen,Peter D Mark,Natasha B Michaelsen,Steen Z Abildstrøm,Mads Engelmann,A Mark Richards,Jens P Goetze
Measurement of natriuretic peptides (NPs) has proven its clinical value as biomarker, especially in the context of heart failure (HF). In contrast, a state of partial NP deficiency appears integral to several conditions in which lower NP concentrations in plasma presage overt cardiometabolic disease. Here, obesity and type 2 diabetes have attracted considerable attention. Other factors-including age
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Hypomagnesemia and Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-05-08 Lynette J Oost,Cees J Tack,Jeroen H F de Baaij
Hypomagnesemia is 10-fold more common in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) than in the healthy population. Factors that are involved in this high prevalence are low Mg2+ intake, gut microbiome composition, medication use, and presumably genetics. Hypomagnesemia is associated with insulin resistance, which subsequently increases the risk to develop T2D or deteriorates glycemic control in existing
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Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 2 Alpha (HIF2α) Inhibitors: Targeting Genetically Driven Tumor Hypoxia. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-03-04 Rodrigo A Toledo,Camilo Jimenez,Gustavo Armaiz-Pena,Carlota Arenillas,Jaume Capdevila,Patricia L M Dahia
Tumors driven by deficiency of the VHL gene product, which is involved in degradation of the hypoxia-inducible factor subunit 2 alpha (HIF2α), are natural candidates for targeted inhibition of this pathway. Belzutifan, a highly specific and well-tolerated HIF2α inhibitor, recently received FDA approval for the treatment of nonmetastatic renal cell carcinomas, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, and central
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Biological and Therapeutic Implications of the Tumor Microenvironment in Pituitary Adenomas. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-03-04 Mirela-Diana Ilie,Alexandre Vasiljevic,Philippe Bertolino,Gérald Raverot
Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are neoplasms derived from the endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary gland. Most frequently, they are benign tumors, but may sometimes display an aggressive course, and in some cases metastasize. Their biology, including their wide range of behavior, is only partly understood. In terms of therapeutic targeting, most PAs are easily treated with available medical treatments
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The Significance of Hypothalamic Inflammation and Gliosis for the Pathogenesis of Obesity in Humans. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-03-04 Leticia E Sewaybricker,Alyssa Huang,Suchitra Chandrasekaran,Susan J Melhorn,Ellen A Schur
Accumulated preclinical literature demonstrates that hypothalamic inflammation and gliosis are underlying causal components of diet-induced obesity in rodent models. This review summarizes and synthesizes available translational data to better understand the applicability of preclinical findings to human obesity and its comorbidities. The published literature in humans includes histopathologic analyses
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A Century-long Journey From the Discovery of Insulin to the Implantation of Stem Cell-derived Islets. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-03-04 Adam Ramzy,Paul J Belmonte,Mitchell J S Braam,Shogo Ida,Emily M Wilts,Megan K Levings,Alireza Rezania,Timothy J Kieffer
For the past century, insulin injections have saved millions of lives, but glycemic instability is still a persistent challenge for people with diabetes, leading to tremendous morbidity and premature mortality. Research in the field of islet transplantation has demonstrated that replacing insulin-producing β cells can restore euglycemia comparable to individuals without diabetes. However, a short supply
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Consensus Recommendations for the Use of Automated Insulin Delivery Technologies in Clinical Practice. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-03-04 Moshe Phillip,Revital Nimri,Richard M Bergenstal,Katharine Barnard-Kelly,Thomas Danne,Roman Hovorka,Boris P Kovatchev,Laurel H Messer,Christopher G Parkin,Louise Ambler-Osborn,Stephanie A Amiel,Lia Bally,Roy W Beck,Sarah Biester,Torben Biester,Julia E Blanchette,Emanuele Bosi,Charlotte K Boughton,Marc D Breton,Sue A Brown,Bruce A Buckingham,Albert Cai,Anders L Carlson,Jessica R Castle,Pratik Choudhary
The significant and growing global prevalence of diabetes continues to challenge people with diabetes (PwD), healthcare providers, and payers. While maintaining near-normal glucose levels has been shown to prevent or delay the progression of the long-term complications of diabetes, a significant proportion of PwD are not attaining their glycemic goals. During the past 6 years, we have seen tremendous
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History of Adrenal Research: From Ancient Anatomy to Contemporary Molecular Biology. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-01-12 Walter L Miller,Perrin C White
The adrenal is a small, anatomically unimposing structure that escaped scientific notice until 1564 and whose existence was doubted by many until the 18th century. Adrenal functions were inferred from the adrenal insufficiency syndrome described by Addison and from the obesity and virilization that accompanied many adrenal malignancies, but early physiologists sometimes confused the roles of the cortex
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The Congenital and Acquired Mechanisms Implicated in the Etiology of Central Precocious Puberty. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-03-04 Vinicius N Brito,Ana P M Canton,Carlos Eduardo Seraphim,Ana Paula Abreu,Delanie B Macedo,Berenice B Mendonca,Ursula B Kaiser,Jesús Argente,Ana Claudia Latronico
The etiology of central precocious puberty (CPP) is multiple and heterogeneous, including congenital and acquired causes that can be associated with structural or functional brain alterations. All causes of CPP culminate in the premature pulsatile secretion of hypothalamic GnRH and, consequently, in the premature reactivation of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The activation of excitatory factors
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Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor-based Therapeutics for Metabolic Liver Disease. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-01-12 Julian M Yabut,Daniel J Drucker
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) controls islet hormone secretion, gut motility, and body weight, supporting development of GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. GLP-1RA exhibit a favorable safety profile and reduce the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events in people with T2D. Considerable preclinical data, supported by the results of clinical
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Estrogen Receptor Signaling in the Immune System. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-01-12 Binita Chakraborty,Jovita Byemerwa,Taylor Krebs,Felicia Lim,Ching-Yi Chang,Donald P McDonnell
The immune system functions in a sexually dimorphic manner, with females exhibiting more robust immune responses than males. However, how female sex hormones affect immune function in normal homeostasis and in autoimmunity is poorly understood. In this review, we discuss how estrogens affect innate and adaptive immune cell activity and how dysregulation of estrogen signaling underlies the pathobiology
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The Changing Face of Turner Syndrome. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-01-12 Claus H Gravholt,Mette Viuff,Jesper Just,Kristian Sandahl,Sara Brun,Janielle van der Velden,Niels H Andersen,Anne Skakkebaek
Turner syndrome (TS) is a condition in females missing the second sex chromosome (45,X) or parts thereof. It is considered a rare genetic condition and is associated with a wide range of clinical stigmata, such as short stature, ovarian dysgenesis, delayed puberty and infertility, congenital malformations, endocrine disorders, including a range of autoimmune conditions and type 2 diabetes, and neurocognitive
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Brown Adipose Tissue-A Translational Perspective. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-03-04 André C Carpentier,Denis P Blondin,François Haman,Denis Richard
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) displays the unique capacity to generate heat through uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation that makes it a very attractive therapeutic target for cardiometabolic diseases. Here, we review BAT cellular metabolism, its regulation by the central nervous and endocrine systems and circulating metabolites, the plausible roles of this tissue in human thermoregulation, energy balance
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Management of Growth Disorders in Puberty: GH, GnRHa, and Aromatase Inhibitors: A Clinical Review. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2023-01-12 Nelly Mauras,Judith Ross,Veronica Mericq
Pubertal children with significant growth retardation represent a considerable therapeutic challenge. In growth hormone (GH) deficiency, and in those without identifiable pathologies (idiopathic short stature), the impact of using GH is significantly hindered by the relentless tempo of bone age acceleration caused by sex steroids, limiting time available for growth. Estrogen principally modulates epiphyseal
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Hippo Signaling in the Ovary: Emerging Roles in Development, Fertility, and Disease. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2022-11-25 Kendra L Clark,Jitu W George,Emilia Przygrodzka,Michele R Plewes,Guohua Hua,Cheng Wang,John S Davis
Emerging studies indicate that the Hippo pathway, a highly conserved pathway that regulates organ size control, plays an important role in governing ovarian physiology, fertility, and pathology. Specific to the ovary, the spatiotemporal expression of the major components of the Hippo signaling cascade are observed throughout the reproductive lifespan. Observations from multiple species begin to elucidate
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Update on Biology and Genomics of Adrenocortical Carcinomas: Rationale for Emerging Therapies. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2022-11-25 Antonio Marcondes Lerario,Dipika R Mohan,Gary D Hammer
The adrenal glands are paired endocrine organs that produce steroid hormones and catecholamines required for life. Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and often fatal cancer of the peripheral domain of the gland, the adrenal cortex. Recent research in adrenal development, homeostasis, and disease have refined our understanding of the cellular and molecular programs controlling cortical growth
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Extracellular Vesicles and Their Emerging Roles as Cellular Messengers in Endocrinology: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2022-05-12 Carlos Salomon,Saumya Das,Uta Erdbrügger,Raghu Kalluri,Sai Kiang Lim,Jerrold M Olefsky,Gregory E Rice,Susmita Sahoo,W Andy Tao,Pieter Vader,Qun Wang,Alissa M Weaver
During the last decade, there has been great interest in elucidating the biological role of extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly, their hormone-like role in cell-to-cell communication. The field of endocrinology is uniquely placed to provide insight into the functions of EVs, which are secreted from all cells into biological fluids and carry endocrine signals to engage in paracellular and distal
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Peptidergic G Protein-Coupled Receptor Regulation of Adrenal Function: Bench to Bedside and Back. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2022-11-25 Livia Lenzini,Brasilina Caroccia,Teresa Maria Seccia,Gian Paolo Rossi
An altered secretion of adrenocortical and adrenomedullary hormones plays a role in the clinical syndromes of primary aldosteronism (PA), Cushing, and pheochromocytoma. Moreover, an altered production of adrenocortical hormones and/or an abnormal release of factors by the adrenal medulla are involved in several other diseases, including high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis
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Clinical Biology of the Pituitary Adenoma. Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2022-11-25 Shlomo Melmed,Ursula B Kaiser,M Beatriz Lopes,Jerome Bertherat,Luis V Syro,Gerald Raverot,Martin Reincke,Gudmundur Johannsson,Albert Beckers,Maria Fleseriu,Andrea Giustina,John A H Wass,Ken K Y Ho
All endocrine glands are susceptible to neoplastic growth, yet the health consequences of these neoplasms differ between endocrine tissues. Pituitary neoplasms are highly prevalent and overwhelmingly benign, exhibiting a spectrum of diverse behaviors and impact on health. To understand the clinical biology of these common yet often innocuous neoplasms, we review pituitary physiology and adenoma epidemiology
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Erratum to: Comprehensive Review of Uterine Fibroids: Developmental Origin, Pathogenesis, and Treatment Endocr. Rev. (IF 20.3) Pub Date : 2022-03-02
National Institutes of Health10.13039/100000002RO1 ES028615RO1 HD094378U54 MD007602HD106285