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Anticipating the Next Ten Years of the Annual Review of Virology. Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-29 Julie K Pfeiffer,Lynn W Enquist,Daniel DiMaio,Terence S Dermody
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Viral Membrane Fusion: A Dance Between Proteins and Lipids Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-29 Judith M. White, Amanda E. Ward, Laura Odongo, Lukas K. Tamm
There are at least 21 families of enveloped viruses that infect mammals, and many contain members of high concern for global human health. All enveloped viruses have a dedicated fusion protein or fusion complex that enacts the critical genome-releasing membrane fusion event that is essential before viral replication within the host cell interior can begin. Because all enveloped viruses enter cells
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A Mammalian Cell's Guide on How to Process a Bacteriophage Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-29 Leo Kan, Jeremy J. Barr
Bacteriophages are enigmatic entities that defy definition. Classically, they are specialist viruses that exclusively parasitize bacterial hosts. Yet this definition becomes limiting when we consider their ubiquity in the body coupled with their vast capacity to directly interact with the mammalian host. While phages certainly do not infect nor replicate within mammalian cells, they do interact with
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Regulation of Immune Homeostasis, Inflammation, and HIV Persistence by the Microbiome, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, and Bile Acids Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-29 Ana Beatriz Enriquez, Felipe ten Caten, Khader Ghneim, Rafick-Pierre Sekaly, Ashish Arunkumar Sharma
Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH) continue to experience chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction, which drives the persistence of latent HIV and prevalence of clinical comorbidities. Elucidating the mechanisms that lead to suboptimal immunity is necessary for developing therapeutics that improve the quality of life of PLWH. Although
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Influenza: Searching for Pandemic Origins Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-29 Robert G. Webster
From a farming family of 13 children in New Zealand, I graduated with a Master of Science degree in microbiology from the University of Otago (Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand). I established the first veterinary virology laboratory at Wallaceville Animal Research Station. I subsequently completed my PhD degree at Australian National University (Canberra, Australia) and a postdoctoral fellowship at the
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Microviruses: A World Beyond phiX174 Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-29 Paul C. Kirchberger, Howard Ochman
Two decades of metagenomic analyses have revealed that in many environments, small (∼5 kb), single-stranded DNA phages of the family Microviridae dominate the virome. Although the emblematic microvirus phiX174 is ubiquitous in the laboratory, most other microviruses, particularly those of the gokushovirus and amoyvirus lineages, have proven to be much more elusive. This puzzling lack of representative
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What Have We Learned by Resurrecting the 1918 Influenza Virus? Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-29 Brad Gilbertson, Kanta Subbarao
The 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic was one of the deadliest infectious disease events in recorded history, resulting in approximately 50–100 million deaths worldwide. The origins of the 1918 virus and the molecular basis for its exceptional virulence remained a mystery for much of the 20th century because the pandemic predated virologic techniques to isolate, passage, and store influenza viruses.
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Segmented, Negative-Sense RNA Viruses of Humans: Genetic Systems and Experimental Uses of Reporter Strains Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-29 Cait E. Hamele, M. Ariel Spurrier, Rebecca A. Leonard, Nicholas S. Heaton
Negative-stranded RNA viruses are a large group of viruses that encode their genomes in RNA across multiple segments in an orientation antisense to messenger RNA. Their members infect broad ranges of hosts, and there are a number of notable human pathogens. Here, we examine the development of reverse genetic systems as applied to these virus families, emphasizing conserved approaches illustrated by
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Developing Phage Therapy That Overcomes the Evolution of Bacterial Resistance Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-29 Agnès Oromí-Bosch, Jyot D. Antani, Paul E. Turner
The global rise of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens and the waning efficacy of antibiotics urge consideration of alternative antimicrobial strategies. Phage therapy is a classic approach where bacteriophages (bacteria-specific viruses) are used against bacterial infections, with many recent successes in personalized medicine treatment of intractable infections. However, a perpetual challenge
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Cross-Kingdom Interactions Between Plant and Fungal Viruses Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-05 Ida Bagus Andika, Mengyuan Tian, Ruiling Bian, Xinran Cao, Ming Luo, Hideki Kondo, Liying Sun
The large genetic and structural divergences between plants and fungi may hinder the transmission of viruses between these two kingdoms to some extent. However, recent accumulating evidence from virus phylogenetic analyses and the discovery of naturally occurring virus cross-infection suggest the occurrence of past and current transmissions of viruses between plants and plant-associated fungi. Moreover
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Small but Highly Versatile: The Viral Accessory Protein Vpu Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-05 Meta Volcic, Lisa Wiesmüller, Frank Kirchhoff
Human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs and SIVs, respectively) encode several small proteins (Vif, Vpr, Nef, Vpu, and Vpx) that are called accessory because they are not generally required for viral replication in cell culture. However, they play complex and important roles for viral immune evasion and spread in vivo. Here, we discuss the diverse functions and the relevance of the viral protein
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CBASS to cGAS-STING: The Origins and Mechanisms of Nucleotide Second Messenger Immune Signaling Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-29 Kailey M. Slavik, Philip J. Kranzusch
Host defense against viral pathogens is an essential function for all living organisms. In cell-intrinsic innate immunity, dedicated sensor proteins recognize molecular signatures of infection and communicate to downstream adaptor or effector proteins to activate immune defense. Remarkably, recent evidence demonstrates that much of the core machinery of innate immunity is shared across eukaryotic and
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Immunomodulation by Enteric Viruses Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-29 Lucie Bernard-Raichon, Ken Cadwell
Enteric viruses display intricate adaptations to the host mucosal immune system to successfully reproduce in the gastrointestinal tract and cause maladies ranging from gastroenteritis to life-threatening disease upon extraintestinal dissemination. However, many viral infections are asymptomatic, and their presence in the gut is associated with an altered immune landscape that can be beneficial or adverse
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Structural and Functional Insights into Viral Programmed Ribosomal Frameshifting Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-20 Chris H. Hill, Ian Brierley
Protein synthesis by the ribosome is the final stage of biological information transfer and represents an irreversible commitment to gene expression. Accurate translation of messenger RNA is therefore essential to all life, and spontaneous errors by the translational machinery are highly infrequent (∼1/100,000 codons). Programmed −1 ribosomal frameshifting (−1PRF) is a mechanism in which the elongating
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Block the Spread: Barriers to Transmission of Influenza Viruses Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-12 Valerie Le Sage, Anice C. Lowen, Seema S. Lakdawala
Respiratory viruses, such as influenza viruses, cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide through seasonal epidemics and sporadic pandemics. Influenza viruses transmit through multiple modes including contact (either direct or through a contaminated surface) and inhalation of expelled aerosols. Successful human to human transmission requires an infected donor who expels virus into the environment
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Structure and Role of O-Linked Glycans in Viral Envelope Proteins Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-07 Sigvard Olofsson, Marta Bally, Edward Trybala, Tomas Bergström
N- and O-glycans are both important constituents of viral envelope glycoproteins. O-linked glycosylation can be initiated by any of 20 different human polypeptide O-acetylgalactosaminyl transferases, resulting in an important functional O-glycan heterogeneity. O-glycans are organized as solitary glycans or in clusters of multiple glycans forming mucin-like domains. They are functional both in the viral
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A Glimpse into the Past: What Ancient Viral Genomes Reveal About Human History Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-02 Axel A. Guzmán-Solís, Miguel Alejandro Navarro, María C. Ávila-Arcos, Daniel Blanco-Melo
Humans have battled viruses for millennia. However, directly linking the symptomatology of disease outbreaks to specific viral pathogens was not possible until the twentieth century. With the advent of the genomic era and the development of advanced protocols for isolation, sequencing, and analysis of ancient nucleic acids from diverse human remains, the identification and characterization of ancient
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Breaking Boundaries: The Perpetual Interplay Between Tobamoviruses and Plant Immunity Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-05-31 Ziv Spiegelman, Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar
Plant viruses of the genus Tobamovirus cause significant economic losses in various crops. The emergence of new tobamoviruses such as the tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) poses a major threat to global agriculture. Upon infection, plants mount a complex immune response to restrict virus replication and spread, involving a multilayered defense system that includes defense hormones, RNA silencing
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Structures and Mechanisms of Nonsegmented, Negative-Strand RNA Virus Polymerases Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-05-03 Mohamed Ouizougun-Oubari, Rachel Fearns
The nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA viruses (nsNSVs), also known as the order Mononegavirales, have a genome consisting of a single strand of negative-sense RNA. Integral to the nsNSV replication cycle is the viral polymerase, which is responsible for transcribing the viral genome, to produce an array of capped and polyadenylated messenger RNAs, and replicating it to produce new genomes. To perform
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Viral Evolution Shaped by Host Proteostasis Networks Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-04-18 Jimin Yoon, Jessica E. Patrick, C. Brandon Ogbunugafor, Matthew D. Shoulders
Understanding the factors that shape viral evolution is critical for developing effective antiviral strategies, accurately predicting viral evolution, and preventing pandemics. One fundamental determinant of viral evolution is the interplay between viral protein biophysics and the host machineries that regulate protein folding and quality control. Most adaptive mutations in viruses are biophysically
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Impact of the Microbiota on Viral Infections Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-04-18 Danielle E. Campbell, Yuhao Li, Harshad Ingle, Megan T. Baldridge
The mammalian gastrointestinal tract (GIT) hosts a diverse and highly active microbiota composed of bacteria, eukaryotes, archaea, and viruses. Studies of the GIT microbiota date back more than a century, although modern techniques, including mouse models, sequencing technology, and novel therapeutics in humans, have been foundational to our understanding of the roles of commensal microbes in health
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Seeing Biomolecular Condensates Through the Lens of Viruses Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-04-11 Alexander Borodavka, Julia Acker
Phase separation of viral biopolymers is a key factor in the formation of cytoplasmic viral inclusions, known as sites of virus replication and assembly. This review describes the mechanisms and factors that affect phase separation in viral replication and identifies potential areas for future research. Drawing inspiration from studies on cellular RNA-rich condensates, we compare the hierarchical coassembly
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For Better or Worse: Modulation of the Host DNA Damage Response by Human Papillomavirus Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-04-11 Caleb J. Studstill, Cary A. Moody
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are associated with several human cancers. HPVs are small, DNA viruses that rely on host cell machinery for viral replication. The HPV life cycle takes place in the stratified epithelium, which is composed of different cell states, including terminally differentiating cells that are no longer active in the cell cycle. HPVs have evolved mechanisms to persist and
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The Knowns and Unknowns of Herpesvirus Nuclear Egress Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2023-04-11 Barbara G. Klupp, Thomas C. Mettenleiter
Nuclear egress of herpesvirus capsids across the intact nuclear envelope is an exceptional vesicle-mediated nucleocytoplasmic translocation resulting in the delivery of herpesvirus capsids into the cytosol. Budding of the (nucleo)capsid at and scission from the inner nuclear membrane (INM) is mediated by the viral nuclear egress complex (NEC) resulting in a transiently enveloped virus particle in the
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Viruses in Subsurface Environments Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-09-29 Jennifer Wirth, Mark Young
Over the past 20 years, our knowledge of virus diversity and abundance in subsurface environments has expanded dramatically through application of quantitative metagenomic approaches. In most subsurface environments, viral diversity and abundance rival viral diversity and abundance observed in surface environments. Most of these viruses are uncharacterized in terms of their hosts and replication cycles
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Advances in Understanding Neuropathogenesis of Rift Valley Fever Virus Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-09-29 Kaleigh A. Connors, Amy L. Hartman
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an emerging arboviral pathogen that causes disease in both livestock and humans. Severe disease manifestations of Rift Valley fever (RVF) in humans include hemorrhagic fever, ocular disease, and encephalitis. This review describes the current understanding of the pathogenesis of RVF encephalitis. While some data from human studies exist, the development of several
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A Trait-Based Approach to Predicting Viral Host-Range Evolvability Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-09-29 Hannah M. Strobel, Elizabeth C. Stuart, Justin R. Meyer
Predicting the evolution of virus host range has proven to be extremely difficult, in part because of the sheer diversity of viruses, each with unique biology and ecological interactions. We have not solved this problem, but to make the problem more tractable, we narrowed our focus to three traits intrinsic to all viruses that may play a role in host-range evolvability: mutation rate, recombination
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RNA-Based Vaccination of Plants for Control of Viruses Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-09-29 Andreas E. Voloudakis, Athanasios Kaldis, Basavaprabhu L. Patil
Plant viruses cause nearly half of the emerging plant diseases worldwide, contributing to 10–15% of crop yield losses. Control of plant viral diseases is mainly accomplished by extensive chemical applications targeting the vectors (i.e., insects, nematodes, fungi) transmitting these viruses. However, these chemicals have a significant negative effect on human health and the environment. RNA interference
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Replication Compartments of Eukaryotic and Bacterial DNA Viruses: Common Themes Between Different Domains of Host Cells Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-09-29 David M. Knipe, Amy Prichard, Surendra Sharma, Joe Pogliano
Subcellular organization is essential for life. Cells organize their functions into organelles to concentrate their machinery and supplies for optimal efficiency. Likewise, viruses organize their replication machinery into compartments or factories within their host cells for optimal replicative efficiency. In this review, we discuss how DNA viruses that infect both eukaryotic cells and bacteria assemble
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Liquid Phase Partitioning in Virus Replication: Observations and Opportunities Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-06-16 Chao Wu, Alex S. Holehouse, Daisy W. Leung, Gaya K. Amarasinghe, Rebecca Ellis Dutch
Viruses frequently carry out replication in specialized compartments within cells. The effect of these structures on virus replication is poorly understood. Recent research supports phase separation as a foundational principle for organization of cellular components with the potential to influence viral replication. In this review, phase separation is described in the context of formation of viral
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The Ecology of Viral Emergence Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-06-15 Edward C. Holmes
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a profound impact on human health, economic well-being, and societal function. It is essential that we use this generational experience to better understand the processes that underpin the emergence of COVID-19 and other zoonotic diseases. Herein, I review the mechanisms that determine why and how viruses emerge in new hosts, as well as the barriers
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Lessons from Acquired Natural Immunity and Clinical Trials to Inform Next-Generation Human Cytomegalovirus Vaccine Development Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-06-15 Xintao Hu, Hsuan-Yuan Wang, Claire E. Otero, Jennifer A. Jenks, Sallie R. Permar
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, the most common cause of congenital disease globally, affecting an estimated 1 million newborns annually, can result in lifelong sequelae in infants, such as sensorineural hearing loss and brain damage. HCMV infection also leads to a significant disease burden in immunocompromised individuals. Hence, an effective HCMV vaccine is urgently needed to prevent infection
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Tobacco Mosaic Virus and the History of Molecular Biology Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-06-15 Angela N.H. Creager
The history of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) includes many firsts in science, beginning with its being the first virus identified. This review offers an overview of a history of research on TMV, with an emphasis on its close connections to the emergence and development of molecular biology.
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Nuclear Capsid Uncoating and Reverse Transcription of HIV-1 Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-06-15 Thorsten G. Müller, Vojtech Zila, Barbara Müller, Hans-Georg Kräusslich
After cell entry, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication involves reverse transcription of the RNA genome, nuclear import of the subviral complex without nuclear envelope breakdown, and integration of the viral complementary DNA into the host genome. Here, we discuss recent evidence indicating that completion of reverse transcription and viral genome uncoating occur in the nucleus
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Shifting the Immune Memory Paradigm: Trained Immunity in Viral Infections Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Esther J.M. Taks, Simone J.C.F.M. Moorlag, Mihai G. Netea, Jos W.M. van der Meer
Trained immunity is defined as the de facto memory characteristics induced in innate immune cells after exposure to microbial stimuli after infections or certain types of vaccines. Through epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming of innate immune cells after exposure to these stimuli, trained immunity induces an enhanced nonspecific protection by improving the inflammatory response upon restimulation
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The Role of Viral RNA Degrading Factors in Shutoff of Host Gene Expression Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-06-07 Léa Gaucherand, Marta Maria Gaglia
Many viruses induce shutoff of host gene expression (host shutoff) as a strategy to take over cellular machinery and evade host immunity. Without host shutoff activity, these viruses generally replicate poorly in vivo, attesting to the importance of this antiviral strategy. In this review, we discuss one particularly advantageous way for viruses to induce host shutoff: triggering widespread host messenger
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Viral G Protein–Coupled Receptors Encoded by β- and γ-Herpesviruses Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-06-07 Mette M. Rosenkilde, Naotaka Tsutsumi, Julius M. Knerr, Dagmar F. Kildedal, K. Christopher Garcia
Herpesviruses are ancient large DNA viruses that have exploited gene capture as part of their strategy to escape immune surveillance, promote virus spreading, or reprogram host cells to benefit their survival. Most acquired genes are transmembrane proteins and cytokines, such as viral G protein–coupled receptors (vGPCRs), chemokines, and chemokine-binding proteins. This review focuses on the vGPCRs
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APOBEC3: Friend or Foe in Human Papillomavirus Infection and Oncogenesis? Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-06-07 Cody J. Warren, Mario L. Santiago, Dohun Pyeon
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a causative agent of multiple human cancers, including cervical and head and neck cancers. In these HPV-positive tumors, somatic mutations are caused by aberrant activation of DNA mutators such as members of the apolipoprotein B messenger RNA–editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3) family of cytidine deaminases. APOBEC3 proteins are most notable
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The Case for Studying New Viruses of New Hosts Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-06-07 Mark D. Stenglein
Virology has largely focused on viruses that are pathogenic to humans or to the other species that we care most about. There is no doubt that this has been a worthwhile investment. But many transformative advances have been made through the in-depth study of relatively obscure viruses that do not appear on lists of prioritized pathogens. In this review, I highlight the benefits that can accrue from
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Citrus Tristeza Virus: From Pathogen to Panacea Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-06-03 Svetlana Y. Folimonova, Yong-Duo Sun
Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is the most destructive viral pathogen of citrus. During the past century, CTV induced grave epidemics in citrus-growing areas worldwide that have resulted in a loss of more than 100 million trees. At present, the virus continues to threaten citrus production in many different countries. Research on CTV is accompanied by distinctive challenges stemming from the large size
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The Role of Viruses in Identifying and Analyzing RNA Silencing Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-06-03 David C. Baulcombe
Adaptive antiviral immunity in plants is an RNA-based mechanism in which small RNAs derived from both strands of the viral RNA are guides for an Argonaute (AGO) nuclease. The primed AGO specifically targets and silences the viral RNA. In plants this system has diversified to involve mobile small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), an amplification system involving secondary siRNAs and targeting mechanisms involving
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Amoebae: Hiding in Plain Sight: Unappreciated Hosts for the Very Large Viruses Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-06-03 Victória Fulgêncio Queiroz, Rodrigo Araújo Lima Rodrigues, Paulo Victor de Miranda Boratto, Bernard La Scola, Julien Andreani, Jônatas Santos Abrahão
For decades, viruses have been isolated primarily from humans and other organisms. Interestingly, one of the most complex sides of the virosphere was discovered using free-living amoebae as hosts. The discovery of giant viruses in the early twenty-first century opened a new chapter in the field of virology. Giant viruses are included in the phylum Nucleocytoviricota and harbor large and complex DNA
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Crowning Touches in Positive-Strand RNA Virus Genome Replication Complex Structure and Function Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-05-25 Masaki Nishikiori, Johan A. den Boon, Nuruddin Unchwaniwala, Paul Ahlquist
Positive-strand RNA viruses, the largest genetic class of eukaryotic viruses, include coronaviruses and many other established and emerging pathogens. A major target for understanding and controlling these viruses is their genome replication, which occurs in virus-induced membrane vesicles that organize replication steps and protect double-stranded RNA intermediates from innate immune recognition.
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The Life Cycle of the Vaccinia Virus Genome Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-05-19 Matthew D. Greseth, Paula Traktman
Poxviruses, of which vaccinia virus is the prototype, are a large family of double-stranded DNA viruses that replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells. This physical and genetic autonomy from the host cell nucleus necessitates that these viruses encode most, if not all, of the proteins required for replication in the cytoplasm. In this review, we follow the life of the viral genome through
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Understanding the Impacts of Bacteriophage Viruses: From Laboratory Evolution to Natural Ecosystems Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-05-19 Britt Koskella, Catherine A. Hernandez, Rachel M. Wheatley
Viruses of bacteria (bacteriophages or phage) have broad effects on bacterial ecology and evolution in nature that mediate microbial interactions, shape bacterial diversity, and influence nutrient cycling and ecosystem function. The unrelenting impact of phages within the microbial realm is the result, in large part, of their ability to rapidly evolve in response to bacterial host dynamics. The knowledge
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Systems Biology of Virus-Host Protein Interactions: From Hypothesis Generation to Mechanisms of Replication and Pathogenesis Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-05-16 Priya S. Shah, Nitin S. Beesabathuni, Adam T. Fishburn, Matthew W. Kenaston, Shiaki A. Minami, Oanh H. Pham, Inglis Tucker
As obligate intracellular parasites, all viruses must co-opt cellular machinery to facilitate their own replication. Viruses often co-opt these cellular pathways and processes through physical interactions between viral and host proteins. In addition to facilitating fundamental aspects of virus replication cycles, these virus-host protein interactions can also disrupt physiological functions of host
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Cyclic Nucleotide Signaling in Phage Defense and Counter-Defense Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-05-14 Januka S. Athukoralage, Malcolm F. White
Advances in our understanding of prokaryotic antiphage defense mechanisms in the past few years have revealed a multitude of new cyclic nucleotide signaling molecules that play a crucial role in switching infected cells into an antiviral state. Defense pathways including type III CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats), CBASS (cyclic nucleotide-based antiphage signaling system)
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Natural Selection, Intracellular Bottlenecks of Virus Populations, and Viral Superinfection Exclusion Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-05-14 Camila Perdoncini Carvalho, Ruifan Ren, Junping Han, Feng Qu
Natural selection acts on cellular organisms by ensuring the genes responsible for an advantageous phenotype consistently reap the phenotypic advantage. This is possible because reproductive cells of these organisms are almost always haploid, separating the beneficial gene from its rival allele at every generation. How natural selection acts on plus-strand RNA viruses is unclear because these viruses
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The Ups and Downs of an Out-of-the-Box Scientist with a Curious Mind Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-05-05 Marilyn J. Roossinck
My early life was challenging, and not conducive to the study of science, but my first introduction to viruses was an epiphany for me. I spent the whole of my career dedicated to understanding viruses, driven largely by curiosity. This led me down many different avenues of study, and to work with many wonderful colleagues, most of whom remain friends. Some highlights of my career include the discovery
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Opportunities, Technology, and the Joy of Discovery Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2022-04-01 Patricia G. Spear
My grandparents were immigrants. My paternal grandfather was illiterate. Yet my parents were able to complete college and to become teachers. I had a conventional upbringing in a small town in Florida, graduating from high school in 1960. I was fortunate enough to graduate cum laude from Florida State University and to earn other credentials leading to faculty positions at outstanding institutions
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Virology in the Classroom: Current Approaches and Challenges to Undergraduate- and Graduate-Level Virology Education Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-09-29 David B. Kushner, Andrew Pekosz
The pervasive effects of the current coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic are but one reason for educators to refocus their efforts on virology teaching. Additionally, it is critical to understand how viruses function and to elucidate the relationship between virus and host. An understanding of current virology education may improve pedagogical approaches for educating our students and trainees. Faculty
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FAST Proteins: Development and Use of Reverse Genetics Systems for Reoviridae Viruses Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-09-29 Yuta Kanai, Takeshi Kobayashi
Reverse genetics systems for viruses, the technology used to generate gene-engineered recombinant viruses from artificial genes, enable the study of the roles of the individual nucleotides and amino acids of viral genes and proteins in infectivity, replication, and pathogenicity. The successful development of a reverse genetics system for poliovirus in 1981 accelerated the establishment of protocols
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The Current Status of Latency Reversing Agents for HIV-1 Remission Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-09-29 Anthony Rodari, Gilles Darcis, Carine M. Van Lint
Combinatory antiretroviral therapy (cART) reduces human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication but is not curative because cART interruption almost invariably leads to a rapid rebound of viremia due to the persistence of stable HIV-1-infected cellular reservoirs. These reservoirs are mainly composed of CD4+ T cells harboring replication-competent latent proviruses. A broadly explored approach
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Small-Molecule Inhibition of Viral Fusion Glycoproteins Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-09-29 Han-Yuan Liu, Priscilla L. Yang
Viral fusion glycoproteins catalyze membrane fusion during viral entry. Unlike most enzymes, however, they lack a conventional active site in which formation or scission of a specific covalent bond is catalyzed. Instead, they drive the membrane fusion reaction by cojoining highly regulated changes in conformation to membrane deformation. Despite the challenges in applying inhibitor design approaches
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Prospects for the Global Elimination of Hepatitis B Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-09-29 Timothy M. Block, Kyong-Mi Chang, Ju-Tao Guo
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the leading cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, estimated to be globally responsible for ∼800,000 deaths annually. Although effective vaccines are available to prevent new HBV infection, treatment of existing chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is limited, as the current standard-of-care antiviral drugs can only suppress viral replication without
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Bacteriophages and the Immune System Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-09-29 Medeea Popescu, Jonas D. Van Belleghem, Arya Khosravi, Paul L. Bollyky
Bacteriophages—viruses that infect bacteria—are abundant within our bodies, but their significance to human health is only beginning to be explored. Here, we synthesize what is currently known about our phageome and its interactions with the immune system. We first review how phages indirectly affect immunity via bacterial expression of phage-encoded proteins. We next review how phages directly influence
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Sex Differences in Respiratory Viral Pathogenesis and Treatments Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-09-29 Rebecca L. Ursin, Sabra L. Klein
Biological sex affects the outcome of diverse respiratory viral infections. The pathogenesis of respiratory infections caused by viruses ranging from respiratory syncytial virus to influenza viruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 differs between the sexes across the life course. Generally, males are more susceptible to severe outcomes from respiratory viral infections at younger
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Viruses and Metabolism: The Effects of Viral Infections and Viral Insulins on Host Metabolism Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-09-29 Khyati Girdhar, Amaya Powis, Amol Raisingani, Martina Chrudinová, Ruixu Huang, Tu Tran, Kaan Sevgi, Yusuf Dogus Dogru, Emrah Altindis
Over the past decades, there have been tremendous efforts to understand the cross-talk between viruses and host metabolism. Several studies have elucidated the mechanisms through which viral infections manipulate metabolic pathways including glucose, fatty acid, protein, and nucleotide metabolism. These pathways are evolutionarily conserved across the tree of life and extremely important for the host's
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Conquering the Host: Determinants of Pathogenesis Learned from Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-09-29 Yiping Wang, Scott A. Tibbetts, Laurie T. Krug
Gammaherpesviruses are an important class of oncogenic pathogens that are exquisitely evolved to their respective hosts. As such, the human gammaherpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) do not naturally infect nonhuman primates or rodents. There is a clear need to fully explore mechanisms of gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis, host control, and immune evasion in the host
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New Insights into Chikungunya Virus Infection and Pathogenesis Annu. Rev. Virol. (IF 11.3) Pub Date : 2021-09-29 Vasiliya Kril, Olivier Aïqui-Reboul-Paviet, Laurence Briant, Ali Amara
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne alphavirus responsible for major outbreaks of disease since 2004 in the Indian Ocean islands, South east Asia, and the Americas. CHIKV causes debilitating musculoskeletal disorders in humans that are characterized by fever, rash, polyarthralgia, and myalgia. The disease is often self-limiting and nonlethal; however, some patients experience