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The world’s ten most feared fungi

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Abstract

An account is provided of the world’s ten most feared fungi. Within areas of interest, we have organized the entries in the order of concern. We put four human pathogens first as this is of concern to most people. This is followed by fungi producing mycotoxins that are highly harmful for humans; Aspergillus flavus, the main producer of aflatoxins, was used as an example. Problems due to indoor air fungi may also directly affect our health and we use Stachybotrys chartarum as an example. Not everyone collects and eats edible mushrooms. However, fatalities caused by mushroom intoxications often make news headlines and therefore we include one of the most poisonous of all mushrooms, Amanita phalloides, as an example. We then move on to the fungi that damage our dwellings causing serious anxiety by rotting our timber structures and flooring. Serpula lacrymans, which causes dry rot is an excellent example. The next example serves to represent all plant and forest pathogens. Here we chose Austropuccinia psidii as it is causing devastating effects in Australia and will probably do likewise in New Zealand. Finally, we chose an important amphibian pathogen which is causing serious declines in the numbers of frogs and other amphibians worldwide. Although we target the top ten most feared fungi, numerous others are causing serious concern to human health, plant production, forestry, other animals and our factories and dwellings. By highlighting ten feared fungi as an example, we aim to promote public awareness of the cost and importance of fungi.

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Fig. 1

Taken with permission of the authors from Russell et al. (2016)

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Courtesy Xie Zhi, Department of Dermatology, Nanning, China

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Photo credits: Benjarong Thongbai (a) and Harry Andersson (b), in Germany

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Yuping Ran (Department of Dermatovenereology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China) for providing clinical images a and b in Fig. 4 and Jan Dijksterhuis (Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands) for his aid in making the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) picture of Malassezia furfur cells (Fig. 4c). Sujiraphong Pharkjaksu, Orawan Tulyaprawat and Popchai Ngamskulrungroj (Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand) are thanked for the permission to use the illustrations of Cryptococcus. We thank Harry Andersson (Braunschweig, Germany) for an image of Amanita phalloides.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China

    Kevin D. Hyde

  2. Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand

    Kevin D. Hyde & Achala R. Rathnayaka

  3. Ministry of Health, Directorate General of Health Services, Ibri, Oman

    Abdullah M. S. Al-Hatmi

  4. Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

    Birgitte Andersen

  5. Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Teun Boekhout

  6. Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Abdullah M. S. Al-Hatmi, Teun Boekhout, Sybren de Hoog & Bart Theelen

  7. R&D Institute for Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010, Graz, Austria

    Walter Buzina

  8. Institute for Medical Biology (IMB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore

    Thomas L. Dawson Jr.

  9. Departments of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Cell Death, Injury and Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA

    Thomas L. Dawson Jr.

  10. Department of Bioscience, Academic Office, 102, First Floor, Wallace Building, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, Wales, UK

    Dan C. Eastwood

  11. Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital (CWZ), Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Sybren de Hoog & Jacques F. Meis

  12. Portsmouth, Hampshire, PO5 3DH, UK

    E. B. Gareth Jones

  13. Department of Microbiology and the Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China

    Yingqian Kang

  14. School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA

    Joyce E. Longcore

  15. Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand

    Eric H. C. McKenzie

  16. Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital (CWZ), Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Jacques F. Meis

  17. INRA, UR1264 MycSA, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 20032, 33882, Villenave D’Ornon Cedex, France

    Laetitia Pinson-Gadais & Florence Richard-Forget

  18. Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Braunschweing, Germany

    Marc Stadler & Benjarong Thongbai

  19. Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar

    Clement K. M. Tsui

  20. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar

    Clement K. M. Tsui

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  1. Kevin D. Hyde
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  2. Abdullah M. S. Al-Hatmi
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Correspondence to Kevin D. Hyde.

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Hyde, K.D., Al-Hatmi, A.M.S., Andersen, B. et al. The world’s ten most feared fungi. Fungal Diversity 93, 161–194 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0413-9

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