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Surface sulfonation and nitrification enhance the biological activity and osteogenesis of polyetheretherketone by forming an irregular nano-porous monolayer

  • Biomaterials Synthesis and Characterization
  • Original Research
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Abstract

Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is becoming a popular component of clinical spinal and orthopedic applications, but its practical use suffers from several limitations. In this study, irregular nano-porous monolayer with differently functional groups was formed on the surface of PEEK through sulfonation and nitrification. The surface characteristics were detected by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, water contact angle measurements and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In vitro cellular behaviors were evaluated by cell adhesion, morphological changes, proliferation, alkalinity, phosphatase activity, real-time RT-PCR and western blot analyses. In vivo osseointegration was examined through micro-CT and histological assessments. Our results reveal that the irregular nano-porous of PEEK affect the biological properties. High-temperature hydrothermal NP treatment induced early osteogenic differentiation and early osteogenesis. Modification by sulfonation and nitrification can broaden the use of PEEK in orthopedic and dental applications. This study provides a theoretical basis for the wider clinical application of PEEK.

a To obtain a uniform porous structure, PEEK samples were treated by concentrated sulfuric acid and fuming nitric acid (82–80%) with magnetic stirring sequentially. b Effects of nanopores on biological behavior of bMSCS.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank GW and JW of PLA 960th hospital (Jinan, China) for they earnest guidance. This work was supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China (61471384, 81602651, 61701520, 61771290, 61871393). Science and Technology Development Plans of Shandong province (2018GSF118196). Taishan Scholars (tsqn201812137). The Fundamental Research Funds of Shandong University (2019GN091).

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Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: Yanhua Li, Jing Wang, Dong He

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road No. 44-1, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, PR China

    Yanhua Li, Dong He & Lei Chen

  2. Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China

    Yanhua Li, Dong He & Lei Chen

  3. Department of Stomatology, PLA 960th hospital, Jinan, 250031, Shandong, PR China

    Jing Wang,  GuoxiongZhu & Gaoyi Wu

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  1. Yanhua Li
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  2. Jing Wang
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  4. GuoxiongZhu
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Correspondence to Lei Chen.

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Ethical statement

In this research all animal procedures were performed in accordance with the standards of the Ethics Committee of Shandong university (NO. GD201701, 02-27-2017).

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Li, Y., Wang, J., He, D. et al. Surface sulfonation and nitrification enhance the biological activity and osteogenesis of polyetheretherketone by forming an irregular nano-porous monolayer. J Mater Sci: Mater Med 31, 11 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-019-6349-0

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