Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of the cone angle on the stability of turbulent nonpremixed flames downstream of a conical bluff body

  • Original
  • Published:
Heat and Mass Transfer Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The effects of a stabilizer and the annular co-flow air speed on turbulent nonpremixed methane flames stabilized downstream of a conical bluff body were investigated. Four bluff body variants were designed by changing the outer diameter of a conically shaped object. The co-flow velocity was varied from zero to 7.4 m/s, while the fuel velocity was kept constant at 15 m/s. Radial distributions of temperature and velocity were measured in detail in the recirculation zone at vertical locations of 0.5D, 1D and 1.5D. Measurements also included the CO2, CO, NOx and O2 emissions at points downstream of the recirculation region. Flames were visualized under 20 different conditions, revealing various modes of combustion. The results evidenced that not only the co-flow velocity but also the bluff body diameter play important roles in the structure of the recirculation zone and, hence, the flame behavior.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

d :

Fuel pipe external diameter [mm]

d f :

Fuel pipe internal diameter [mm]

e :

Fuel exit plane

D :

Bluff body diameter [mm]

H :

Bluff body height [mm]

r :

Location on the radial axis [mm]

T :

Temperature [K]

U f :

Fuel velocity [m/s]

U cf :

Co-flow air velocity [m/s]

U e :

Velocity at the fuel exit plane [m/s]

U z :

Longitudinal Velocity [m/s]

z :

Location on the longitudinal axis [mm]

Øair :

Diameter of the air pipe

BB:

Bluff body

TC:

Thermocouple

References

  1. European Commission (2013) Ecodesign requirements for space heaters and combination heaters. Commission regulation (EU) No 813/2013

  2. Poinsot T, Veynante D (2001) Theoretical and numerical combustion. R.T. Edwards Inc., Philadelphia, pp 214–215

    Google Scholar 

  3. Peters N (1992) Fifteen lectures on laminar and turbulent combustion. Ercoftac Summer School, September 14-28

  4. Turns SR (2000) An introduction to combustion concepts and applications second edition. McGraw-Hill, Singapore, pp 18–24

    Google Scholar 

  5. Peters N (2002) Turbulent combustion. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 170–172

    Google Scholar 

  6. Günther R, Wittmer V (1981) The turbulent reaction field in a concentric diffusion flame. Eighteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion 18:961–967. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(81)80100-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Basu P, Kefa C, Jestin L (2000) Boilers and burners design and theory. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 108–118

    Book  Google Scholar 

  8. Baukal CEJ (2000) Heat transfer in industrial combustion. CRC Press LLC, Florida, pp 8–21

    Book  Google Scholar 

  9. Dally BB, Masri AR (1996) Turbulent nonpremixed flames stabilised on a bluff-body burner. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Measurement and Computation of Turbulent Nonpremixed Flames 1:47–52

    Google Scholar 

  10. Masri AR (1998) Computation of bluff-body stabilised jets and flames. Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Measurement and Computation of Turbulent Nonpremixed Flames, Section 4:1–21

    Google Scholar 

  11. Kalt PAM, Masri AR (2002) Bluff-body stabilised jets and flames, Sixth International Workshop on Measurement and Computation of Turbulent Nonpremixed Flames, 137-171

  12. Dally BB, Fletcher DF, Masri AR (1998) Flow and mixing fields of turbulent bluff-body jets and flames. Combust Theor Model 2(2):193–219. https://doi.org/10.1088/1364-7830/2/2/006

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. Kundu KM, Banerjee D, Bhaduri D (1980) On flame stabilization by bluff-bodies. J Eng Power-T Asme 102(1):209–214. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3230225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Guo P, Zang S, Ge B (2010, May) Technical brief: predictions of flow field for circular-disk bluff-body stabilized flame investigated by large Eddy simulation and experiments. J Eng Gas Turbines Power 132:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3205029

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Chen YC, Chang CC, Pan KL, Yang JT (1998) Flame lift-off and stabilization mechanisms of nonpremixed jet flames on a bluff-body burner. Combust Flame 115(1–2):51–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-2180(97)00336-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Mishra DP, Kiran DY (2009) Experimental studies of bluff-body stabilized LPG diffusion flames. Fuel 88(3):573–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.09.027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Correa SM, Gulati A (1992) Measurements and modeling of a bluff body stabilized flame. Combust Flame 89(2):195–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(92)90028-n

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Namazian M, Kelly J, Schefer RW (1992) Concentration imaging measurements in turbulent concentric-jet flows. AIAA J 30(2):384–394. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1989-58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Schefer RW, Namazian M, Kelly J (1994) Velocity measurements in turbulent bluff-body stabilized flows. AIAA J 32(9):1844–1851. https://doi.org/10.2514/3.12182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Schefer RW, Namazian M, Kelly J (1987) Velocity measurements in a turbulent nonpremixed bluff-body stabilized flame. Combust Sci Technol 56(4–6):101–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/00102208708947084

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Roquemore WM, Tankin RS, Chiu HH, Lottes SA (1986) A study of a bluff-body combustor using laser sheet lighting. Combust Sci Technol 4(4):205–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00717816

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Masri AR, Kelman JB, Dally BB (1998) The instantaneous spatial structure of the recirculation zone in bluff-body stabilized flames. Twenty-Seventh Symposium (International) on Combustion 27:1031–1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(98)80503-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Masri AR, Dibble RW, Barlow RS (1996) The structure of turbulent nonpremixed flames revealed by Raman-Rayleigh-LIF measurements. Prog Energ Combust 22:307–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0360-1285(96)00009-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Masri AR, Dally BB, Barlow RS, Carter CD (1994) The structure of the recirculation zone of a bluff-body combustor. Twenty-Fifth Symposium (International) on Combustion/The Combustion Institute 1301-1308. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(06)80771-x

  25. Ozdemir IB (2018) A modification to temperature-composition pdf method and its application to the simulation of a transitional bluff-body flame. Comput Math Appl 75(7):2574–2592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2017.12.031

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  26. Yang JT, Chang CC, Pan KL (2002) Flow structures and mixing mechanisms behind a disc stabilizer with a central fuel jet. Combust Sci Technol 174(3):93–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/713712993

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Ma HK, Harn JS (1994) The jet mixing effect on reaction flow in a bluff-body burner. Int J Heat Mass Transf 37(18):2957–2967. https://doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(94)90350-6

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  28. Huang RF, Lin CL (1994) Characteristic modes and thermal structure of nonpremixed circular-disc stabilized flames. Combust Sci Technol 100(1–6):123–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/00102209408935449

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Huang RF, Lin CL (2000) Velocity fields of nonpremixed bluff-body stabilized flames. J Energ Resour ASME 122(2):88–93. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.483166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Yang JT, Chang CC, Pan KL, Kang YP, Lee YP (2002) Thermal analysis and PLIF imaging of reacting flow behind a disc stabilizer with a central fuel jet. Combust Sci Technol 174(3):71–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/713712996

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Esquiva-Dano I, Nguyen HT, Escudié D (2001) Influence of a bluff-body's shape on the stabilization regime of non-premixed flames. Combust Flame 127(4):2167–2180. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-2180(01)00318-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Esquiva-Dano I, Escudié D (2005) A way of considering the influence of the bluff-body geometry on the nonpremixed flame stabilization process. Combust Flame 142(3):299–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2004.10.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Kimoto K, Shiraishi I, Matsumoto R (1981) Structure of turbulent jet flames stabilized in annular air jet. Combust Sci Technol 25(1–2):31–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/00102208108547519

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Taylor AMKP, Whitelaw JH (1984) Velocity characteristics in the turbulent near wakes of confined axisymmetric bluff bodies. J Fluid Mech 139:391–416. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112084000410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Tang H, Yang D, Zhang T, Zhu M (2013) Characteristics of flame modes for a conical bluff body burner with a central fuel jet. J Eng Gas Turbines Power 135(9):091507. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4024951

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. San KC, Huang YZ, Yen SC (2013) Flame patterns and combustion intensity behind rifled bluff-body frustums. J Eng Gas Turbines Power 135(12):121502. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4025262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Huang RF, Kivindu RM, Hsu CM (2017) Flame behavior and thermal structure of combusting plane jets with and without self-excited transverse oscillations. Heat Mass Transf 54:1681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-017-2268-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Tong Y, Liu X, Chen S, Li Z, Klingmann J (2018) Effects of the position of a bluff-body on the diffusion flames: a combined experimental and numerical study. Appl Therm Eng 131:507–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.12.031

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Tong Y, Li M, Klingmann J, Chen S, Li Z (2017) Experimental investigation on the influences of bluff-body's position on diffusion flame structures. Asme Power Conference. https://doi.org/10.1115/power-icope2017-3090

  40. Snegirev A, Markus E, Kuznetsov E (2018) On soot and radiation modeling in buoyant turbulent diffusion flames. Heat Mass Transf 54:2275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-017-2198-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Gendy TS, El-Shiekh TM, Zakhary AS (2015) A polynomial regression model for stabilized turbulent confined jet diffusion flames using bluff body burners. Egypt J Pet 24:445–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2015.06.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Mishra DP, Kumar P (2010) Experimental study of bluff-body stabilized LPG–H2 jet diffusion flame with preheated reactant. Fuel 89(1):212–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.07.030

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Kumar P, Mishra DP (2008) Effects of bluff-body shape on LPG–H2 jet diffusion flame. Int J Hydrogen Energ 33(10):2578–2585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.02.075

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Yen SC, Shih CL, San KC (2017) Non-premixed flame characteristics and exhaust gas concentrations behind rifled bluff-body cones. J Energy Inst 91(4):489–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2017.04.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Yen SC, Huang YZ, San KC (2015) Thermal characteristics and exhaust-gas analysis behind bluff-body frustums. Fuel 159:519–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.07.021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Elbaz AM, Zayed MF, Samy M, Roberts WL, Mansour MS (2015) The flow field structure of highly stabilized partially premixed flames in a concentric flow conical nozzle burner with coflow. Exp Thermal Fluid Sci 73:2–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2015.08.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Tong Y, Liu X, Wang Z, Richter M, Klingmann J (2018) Experimental and numerical study on bluff-body and swirl stabilized diffusion flames. Fuel 217:352–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.12.061

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Dutka M, Ditaranto M, Løvås T (2016) NOx emissions and turbulent flow field in a partially premixed bluff body burner with CH4 and H2 fuels. Int J Hydrogen Energ 41(28):12397–12410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.05.154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Driscoll JF, Chen RH, Yoon Y (1992) Nitric oxide levels of turbulent jet diffusion flames: effects of residence time and Damkohler number. Combust Flame 88:37–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(92)90005-a

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Glassman I (1977) Combustion. Academic Press Inc., New York, pp 210–226

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. R&D Heating, Alarko-Carrier San. ve Tic. A.S., Sahabettin Bilgisu Cad, Gebze Organize Sanayi Bolgesi (GOSB), 41480, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey

    Alper Ata

  2. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey

    I. Bedii Ozdemir

Authors
  1. Alper Ata
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. I. Bedii Ozdemir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alper Ata.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ata, A., Ozdemir, I.B. Effects of the cone angle on the stability of turbulent nonpremixed flames downstream of a conical bluff body. Heat Mass Transfer 56, 1627–1639 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-019-02789-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-019-02789-6

Search

Navigation