* Corresponding authors

^a DENSO Corporation, 1-1, Showa-cho, Kariya, Aichi 448-8661, Japan

^b Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan

^c Materials Research Center for Element Strategy, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan

^d Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
E-mail: horike@icems.kyoto-u.ac.jp

^e Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), UMR 5256 CNRS, Villeurbanne, France

^f AIST-Kyoto University Chemical Energy Materials Open Innovation Laboratory (ChEM-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan

^g Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan

^h Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong 21210, Thailand