Skip to main content
Log in

Diagonal shear behavior of historic walls strengthened with composite reinforced mortar (CRM)

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Materials and Structures Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Composite reinforced mortar (CRM) represents an innovative strengthening solution for existing masonry structures. CRM is comprised of a composite grid embedded within an inorganic matrix (mortar) and it is applied as externally bonded reinforcement of masonry members. The composite grid bears the tensile stresses whereas the inorganic matrix is responsible for the stress-transfer between the composite grid and the substrate. CRM showed promising results in improving the mechanical properties of different masonry members, such as walls and arches. However, a full understanding of the mechanical behavior of CRM strengthened masonry members is still missing, which hinders the formulation of reliable CRM design guidelines. In this paper, an experimental investigation of the in-plane behavior of masonry walls made by historical bricks and strengthened with a CRM comprised of a glass fiber composite grid embedded in a lime-based mortar is presented and discussed. The parameters studied are the wall dimension and type (double leaf with and without diatoni). Furthermore, the effect of steel anchors on the strengthened wall capacity is investigated. The results obtained are finally analyzed using simple analytical formulations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. New integrated knowledge based approaches to the protection (NIKER) (2010) Critical review of retrofitting and reinforcement techniques related to possible failure. Deliverable 3.2

  2. Valluzzi MR, Tinazzi D, Modena C (2002) Shear behavior of masonry panels strengthened by FRP laminates. Constr Build Mater 16:409–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(02)00043-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Triantafillou T (1998) Strengthening of masonry structures using epoxy-bonded FRP laminates. J Compos Constr 2:96–104. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(1998)2:2(96)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. de Felice G, De Santis S, Garmendia L et al (2014) Mortar-based systems for externally bonded strengthening of masonry. Mater Struct 47:2021–2037. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0360-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. RILEM (2006) Report 36: textile reinforced concrete—state-of-the-art report of RILEM TC 201-TRC. W. Brameshuber

  6. Hartig J, Häußler-Combe U, Schicktanz K (2008) Influence of bond properties on the tensile behaviour of textile reinforced Concrete. Cem Concr Compos 30:898–906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.08.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. American Concrete Institute (2013) Guide to design and construction of externally bonded Fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) systems for repair and strengthening concrete and masonry structures. ACI 549.4R-13. ACI, Farmington Hills, 48331 MI

  8. Ombres L, Mancuso N, Mazzuca S, Verre S (2019) Bond between carbon fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix and masonry substrate. J Mater Civ Eng 31:04018356. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002561

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Carloni C, Bournas DA, Carozzi FG et al (2015) Chapter 9—fiber reinforced composites with cementitious (inorganic) matrix. In: Design procedures for the use of composites in strengthening of reinforced concrete structures: a state of the art report of the RILEM TC 234-DUC. Pellegrino C, Sena-Cruz J, pp 349–392

  10. Papanicolaou CG, Triantafillou TC, Papathanasiou M, Karlos K (2008) Textile reinforced mortar (TRM) versus FRP as strengthening material of URM walls: out-of-plane cyclic loading. Mater Struct 41:143–157. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-007-9226-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Bernat-Maso E, Escrig C, Aranha CA, Gil L (2014) Experimental assessment of textile reinforced sprayed mortar strengthening system for brickwork wallettes. Constr Build Mater 50:226–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.031

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Valluzzi MR, da Porto F, Garbin E, Panizza M (2014) Out-of-plane behaviour of infill masonry panels strengthened with composite materials. Mater Struct 47:2131–2145. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0384-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Carozzi FG, Colombi P, Poggi C (2015) Fabric reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) systems for strengthening of masonry elements subjected to out-of-plane loads. In: Advanced composites in construction. Janet Lees & Sue Keighlay, Cambridge

  14. D’Antino T, Carozzi FG, Colombi P, Poggi C (2018) Out-of-plane maximum resisting bending moment of masonry walls strengthened with FRCM composites. Compos Struct 202:881–896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.04.054

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Babaeidarabad S, De Caso F, Nanni A (2014) URM walls strengthened with fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix composite subjected to diagonal compression. J Compos Constr. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000441

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Parisi F, Iovinella I, Balsamo A et al (2013) In-plane behaviour of tuff masonry strengthened with inorganic matrix–grid composites. Compos Part B 45:1657–1666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.09.068

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Alecci V, Misseri G, Rovero L et al (2016) Experimental investigation on masonry arches strengthened with PBO-FRCM composite. Compos Part B 100:228–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.05.063

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Incerti A, Santandrea M, Carloni C, Mazzotti C (2017) Destructive in situ tests on masonry arches strengthened with FRCM composite materials. In: Key engineering materials

  19. Carozzi FG, D’Antino T, Poggi C (2018) In-situ experimental tests on masonry panels strengthened with textile reinforced mortar composites. Proc Struct Int 11:355–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2018.11.046

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Bertolesi E, Milani G, Carozzi FG, Poggi C (2018) Ancient masonry arches and vaults strengthened with TRM, SRG and FRP composites: numerical analyses. Compos Struct 187:385–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.12.021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Sneed LH, Carloni C, Baietti G, Fraioli G (2017) Confinement of clay masonry columns with SRG. In: Key engineering materials

  22. Gattesco N, Amadio C, Bedon C (2015) Experimental and numerical study on the shear behavior of stone masonry walls strengthened with GFRP reinforced mortar coating and steel-cord reinforced repointing. Eng Struct 90:143–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.02.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Menna C, Asprone D, Durante M et al (2015) Structural behaviour of masonry panels strengthened with an innovative hemp fibre composite grid. Constr Build Mater 100:111–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.09.051

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Gattesco N, Boem I, Dudine A (2015) Diagonal compression tests on masonry walls strengthened with a GFRP mesh reinforced mortar coating. Bull Earthq Eng 13:1703–1726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-014-9684-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Marcari G, Basili M, Vestroni F (2017) Experimental investigation of tuff masonry panels reinforced with surface bonded basalt textile-reinforced mortar. Compos Part B 108:131–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.09.094

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Almeida JAPP, Pereira EB, Barros JAO (2015) Assessment of overlay masonry strengthening system under in-plane monotonic and cyclic loading using the diagonal tensile test. Constr Build Mater 94:851–865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. D’Antino T, Papanicolaou C (2018) Comparison between different tensile test set-ups for the mechanical characterization of inorganic-matrix composites. Constr Build Mater 171:140–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Borri A, Castori G, Corradi M, Speranzini E (2011) Shear behavior of unreinforced and reinforced masonry panels subjected to in situ diagonal compression tests. Constr Build Mater 25:4403–4414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.01.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (2019) Istruzioni per la Progettazione, l’Esecuzione ed il Controllo di Interventi di Consolidamento Statico mediante l’utilizzo di Compositi Fibrorinforzati a matrice inorganica. CNR-DT 215/2019. CNR, Rome, Italy

  30. D’Antino T, Carozzi FG, Poggi C (2019) Diagonal compression of masonry walls strengthened with composite reinforced mortar. Key Eng Mater. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.817.528

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. European Committee for Standardization (1999) Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Determination of flexural and compressive strength of hardened mortar. EN 1015-11:1999. CEN, Brussels, Belgium

  32. European Committee for Standardization (2006) Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures—test methods—determination of modulus of elasticity in compression. EN 13412.2006. CEN, Brussels, Belgium

  33. National Research Council (2013) Guide for the design and construction of externally bonded FRP systems for strengthening existing structures. CNR-DT 200/R1. CNR, Rome, Italy

  34. D’Antino T, Poggi C (2019) Stress redistribution in glass fibers of G-FRCM composites. Key Eng Mater. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.817.520

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. European Committee for Standardization (2011) Methods of test for masonry units. Part 1: Determination of compressive strength. EN 772-1:2011. CEN, Brussels, Belgium

  36. TCS Calce (2019) TCS TWIST 9A2 technical sheet

  37. TCS Calce (2019) B-STRUCTURA technical sheet

  38. TCS Calce (2019) TCS GLASS MR44 technical sheet

  39. ASTM International (2015) Standard test method for diagonal tension (shear) in masonry assemblages. ASTM E519/E519M. West Conshohocken, USA

  40. Prota A, Marcari G, Fabbrocino G et al (2006) Experimental in-plane behavior of tuff masonry strengthened with cementitious matrix–grid composites. J Compos Constr 10:223–233. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2006)10:3(223)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Gattesco N, Boem I (2017) Comparison of in-plane mechanical performances of masonry walls strengthened with different mortar coatings reinforced with glass or carbon fiber composite meshes. Key Eng Mater. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.747.289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Rilem TC 76-LUM (1994) Diagonal tensile strength tests of small wall specimens. In: RILEM Recommendations for the testing and use of constructions materials. Rilem

  43. Colombi P, D’Antino T (2019) Analytical assessment of the stress-transfer mechanism in FRCM composites. Compos Struct 220:961–970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.03.074

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Federation Internationale du Beton (2013) fib model code for concrete Structures 2010. Ernst & Sohn GmbH & Co

Download references

Acknowledgements

The experimental tests described in this paper were carried out at the Material Testing Laboratory of the Politecnico di Milano, Italy. TCS s.r.l. is gratefully acknowledged for providing the composite materials.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tommaso D’Antino.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

D’Antino, T., Carozzi, F.G. & Poggi, C. Diagonal shear behavior of historic walls strengthened with composite reinforced mortar (CRM). Mater Struct 52, 114 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-019-1414-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-019-1414-1

Keywords

Navigation