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Redox active metals in neurodegenerative diseases

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Abstract

Copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) are redox active metals essential for the regulation of cellular pathways that are fundamental for brain function, including neurotransmitter synthesis and release, neurotransmission, and protein turnover. Cu and Fe are tightly regulated by sophisticated homeostatic systems that tune the levels and localization of these redox active metals. The regulation of Cu and Fe necessitates their coordination to small organic molecules and metal chaperone proteins that restrict their reactions to specific protein centres, where Cu and Fe cycle between reduced (Fe2+, Cu+) and oxidised states (Fe3+, Cu2+). Perturbation of this regulation is evident in the brain affected by neurodegeneration. Here we review the evidence that links Cu and Fe dyshomeostasis to neurodegeneration as well as the promising preclinical and clinical studies reporting pharmacological intervention to remedy Cu and Fe abnormalities in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

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Abbreviations

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

APP:

Amyloid precursor protein

ALS:

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

ATOX-1:

Antioxidant 1 copper chaperone 1

BBB:

Blood–brain-barrier

BCB:

Blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier

BCECs:

Brain capillary endothelial cells

CNS:

Central nervous system

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

CP:

Ceruloplasmin

CQ:

Clioquinol

CTR1:

Copper-transporter 1

CCS:

Copper chaperone for SOD1

COX17:

Cytochrome c oxidase copper chaperone

DMT1:

Divalent metal transporter 1

DFP:

Deferiprone

GSH:

Glutathione

6-OHDA:

6-Hydroxydopamine

IRE:

Iron-responsive element

IRPs:

Iron regulatory proteins

LB:

Lewy bodies

L-DOPA:

l-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine

MRI:

Magnetic resonance image

NFTs:

Neurofibrillary tangles

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SNc:

Substantia nigra pars compacta

SOD1:

Superoxide dismutase 1

Tf:

Transferrin

TfR1:

Transferrin receptor 1

UTR:

Untranslated region

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Acknowledgements

The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health acknowledges the strong support from the Victorian Government and in particular the funding from the Operational Infrastructure Support Grant. This work was supported by the Australian Research Council (AIB, CO), the National Health and Medical Research Council and the CRC for Mental Health (AIB). Figures 1 and 2 were compiled using images from Servier Medical art.

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  1. Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia

    Karla Acevedo, Shashank Masaldan, Carlos M. Opazo & Ashley I. Bush

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  1. Karla Acevedo
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  2. Shashank Masaldan
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  3. Carlos M. Opazo
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  4. Ashley I. Bush
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Correspondence to Carlos M. Opazo or Ashley I. Bush.

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Prof. Bush is a shareholder in Prana Biotechnology Ltd, Cogstate Ltd, Brighton Biotech LLC, Grunbiotics Pty Ltd, Eucalyptus Pty Ltd, and Mesoblast Ltd. He is a paid consultant for, and has a profit share interest in, Collaborative Medicinal Development Pty Ltd.

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Acevedo, K., Masaldan, S., Opazo, C.M. et al. Redox active metals in neurodegenerative diseases. J Biol Inorg Chem 24, 1141–1157 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-019-01731-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-019-01731-9

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