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Regulation of the Degree of Interpenetration in Metal–Organic Frameworks

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Abstract

Interpenetration in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) can have significant impacts on the structure, porous nature, and functional applications of MOFs. Considered to be disadvantageous in the initial phases leading to a decrease in surface area, interpenetration has proved to be highly useful for modulation of pore size and selective separation of gases. The importance of interpenetration has been realized over the last decade, and numerous approaches to graft interpenetration and utilize it for improved functions and applications have been achieved. Several factors such as temperature, solvent system, time duration and steric aspects of the ligands have been utilized to regulate the degree of interpenetration (DOI). In this review, we summarize recent advances in regulating the DOI in MOFs and its impact on the resulting properties.

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Scheme 1

Adapted with permission from Refs. [81, 86, 88, 126, 127, 131, 132]

Fig. 1

Adapted from Web of Science search on frameworks reported with the terms “metal–organic frameworks” and “interpenetration” in all databases from 2000 to 2019

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Scheme 2

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Scheme 3a–c
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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge NSF (DMR-1352065) and University of South Florida for financial support of this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA

    Gaurav Verma, Sydney Butikofer & Shengqian Ma

  2. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA

    Sydney Butikofer

  3. Department of Chemistry, Multani Mal Modi College, Patiala, Punjab, 147001, India

    Sanjay Kumar

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  1. Gaurav Verma
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  2. Sydney Butikofer
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Correspondence to Shengqian Ma.

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This article is part of the Topical Collection “Metal-Organic Framework: From Design to Applications”; edited by Xian-He Bu, Michael J. Zaworotko, and Zhenjie Zhang.

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Verma, G., Butikofer, S., Kumar, S. et al. Regulation of the Degree of Interpenetration in Metal–Organic Frameworks. Top Curr Chem (Z) 378, 4 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41061-019-0268-x

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