Abstract
To enhance anti-fouling properties of polymeric membranes during apple juice clarification, PSF/PEI (20/2 wt%) ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were modified with TiO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles using the phase inversion method. Turbid apple juice samples were clarified using cross-flow membrane filtration system. All fabricated nanocomposite UF membranes had higher apple juice flux values than PSF/PEI membrane. Membrane prepared with 0.01% TiO2 (UFT1) had the highest apple juice flux (at steady state, 44.6 L/m2h). The FRR (%) value of TiO2 and Al2O3 incorporated UF membranes was between 90.9–94.0% and 79.6–97.6%, respectively, and these FRR values were higher than that of PSF/PEI membrane (UF2, 60.3%). Porosity and hydrophilicity of the UF membranes significantly increased with the addition of nanoparticles and the highest porosity and hydrophilicity was achieved in the 0.01% TiO2 incorporated UF membrane (UFT1) membrane. Higher flux recovery ratio (FRR) and lower relative flux reduction (RFR) values of Al2O3 and TiO2 incorporated nanocomposite membranes, compared with the unmodified membrane, demonstrated the enhancement in the anti-fouling properties of the PSF/PEI membrane. SEM images of the nanocomposite membranes also proved the nanoparticle incorporation to the PSF/PEI matrix. Color, turbidity, total soluble solid, total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity of the samples using nanocomposite membranes were better than that of clarified using both commercial and unmodified membranes. TiO2 incorporated nanocomposite membranes had superior performance than Al2O3 incorporated nanocomposite membranes and among these membranes, the ones prepared with the addition of 0.01 wt% TiO2 exhibit the best performance in terms of clarification of apple juice.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alberto, C., Mengistu, S., Mannino, S., Mimmo, T., & Scampicchio, M. (2014). Filtration of apple juice by nylon nanofibrous membranes. Journal of Food Engineering, 122, 110–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.08.038.
Albrecht, W., Seifert, B., Weigel, T., & Schossig, M. (2003). Amination of poly(ether imide) membranes using di- and multivalent amines. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 204(3), 510–521. https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.200390016.
Anton, A. A., Gary Fulcher, R., & Arntfield, S. D. (2009). Physical and nutritional impact of fortification of corn starch-based extruded snacks with common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) flour: effects of bean addition and extrusion cooking. Food Chemistry, 113(4), 989–996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.08.050.
ASTM D1209-05. (2019). Standard test method for color of clear liquids (platinum-cobalt scale). West Conshohocken: ASTM International www.astm.org.
Avilés, F., Cauich, J., Moo-Tah, L., May Pat, A., & Vargas-Coronado, R. (2009). Evaluation of mild acid oxidation treatments for MWCNT functionalization. Carbon, 47(13), 2970–2975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2009.06.044.
Ba, C., Langer, J., & Economy, J. (2009). Chemical modification of P84 copolyimide membranes by polyethylenimine for nanofiltration. Journal of Membrane Science, 327(1–2), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.10.051.
Bae, T. H., & Tak, T. M. (2005). Effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on fouling mitigation of ultrafiltration membranes for activated sludge filtration. Journal of Membrane Science, 249(1–2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2004.09.008.
Baghbanzadeh, M., Rana, D., Lan, C. Q., & Matsuura, T. (2016). Effects of inorganic nano-additives on properties and performance of polymeric membranes in water treatment. Separation and Purification Reviews, 45(2), 141–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/15422119.2015.1068806.
Bhattacharjee, C., Saxena, V. K., & Dutta, S. (2017). Fruit juice processing using membrane technology: a review. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 43(August), 136–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2017.08.002.
Candrawinata, V. I., Golding, J. B., Roach, P. D., & Stathopoulos, C. E. (2014). Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of apple pomace aqueous extract: effect of time , temperature and water to pomace ratio. International Food Research Journal, 21(6), 2337–2344. https://doi.org/10.1080/19476337.2014.971344.
Cao, X., Ma, J., Shi, X., & Ren, Z. (2006). Effect of TiO2 nanoparticle size on the performance of PVDF membrane. Applied Surface Science, 253(4), 2003–2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.03.090.
Choi, H., Zakersalehi, A., Al-Abed, S. R., Han, C., & Dionysiou, D. D. (2009). Nanostructured titanium oxide film- and membrane-based photocatalysis for water treatment. In N. Savage, M. Diallo, J. Duncan, A. Street, & R. Sustich (Eds.), Nanotechnology applications for clean water (pp. 39–46). Norwich: William Andrew Publishing.
Cliff, M., Dever, C. M., & Gayton, R. (2018). Juice extraction process and apple cultivar influences on juice properties. Journal of Food Science, 56(6), 1614–1617. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1991.tb08654.x.
De Bruijn, J. P. F., Venegas, A., Martínez, J. A., & Bórquez, R. (2003). Ultrafiltration performance of Carbosep membranes for the clarification of apple juice. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 36(4), 397–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(03)00015-X.
Garcia-Ivars, J., Alcaina-Miranda, M. I., Iborra-Clar, M. I., Mendoza-Roca, J. A., & Pastor-Alcañiz, L. (2014). Enhancement in hydrophilicity of different polymer phase-inversion ultrafiltration membranes by introducing PEG/Al2O3 nanoparticles. Separation and Purification Technology, 128, 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2014.03.012.
Gilbert, B., Ono, R. K., Ching, K. A., Kim, C. S. (2009) The effects of nanoparticle aggregation processes on aggregate structure and metal uptake. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 339(2):285–295.
Gokmen, V., Artık, N., Acar, J., Kahraman, N., & Poyrazoĝlu, E. (2001). Effects of various clarification treatments on patulin, phenolic compound and organic acid compositions of apple juice. European Food Research and Technology, 213(3), 194–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002170100354.
Gulec, H. A., Bagci, P. O., & Bagci, U. (2017). Clarification of apple juice using polymeric ultrafiltration membranes: a comparative evaluation of membrane fouling and juice quality. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 10(5), 875–885. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-017-1871-x.
He, Y., Ji, Z., & Li, S. (2007). Effective clarification of apple juice using membrane filtration without enzyme and pasteurization pretreatment. Separation and Purification Technology, 57, 366–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2007.04.025.
Khalid, A., Al-juhani, A. A., Al-hamouz, O. C., Laoui, T., Khan, Z., & Ali, M. (2015). Preparation and properties of nanocomposite polysulfone/multi-walled carbon nanotubes membranes for desalination. Desalination, 367, 134–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2015.04.001.
Lee, S. J., Han, S. W., Yoon, M., & Kim, K. (2000). Adsorption characteristics of 4-dimethylaminobenzoic acid on silver and titania: diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy study. Vibrational Spectroscopy, 24(2):265–275.
Lipnizki, F. (2010). Cross-flow membrane applications in the food industry. Membrane Technology. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527631384.ch1.
Lohokare, H., Bhole, Y., Taralkar, S., & Kharul, U. (2011). Poly(acrylonitrile) based ultrafiltration membranes: optimization of preparation parameters. Desalination, 282, 46–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.04.009.
Madaeni, S. S., & Ghaemi, N. (2007). Characterization of self-cleaning RO membranes coated with TiO2 particles under UV irradiation. Journal of Membrane Science, 303(1), 221–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2007.07.017.
Maximous, N., Nakhla, G., Wan, W., & Wong, K. (2009). Preparation, characterization and performance of Al2O3/PES membrane for wastewater filtration. Journal of Membrane Science, 341(1–2), 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.05.040.
Mohammad, A. W., Ng, C. Y., Lim, Y. P., & Ng, G. H. (2012). Ultrafiltration in food processing industry: review on application, membrane fouling, and fouling control. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 5(4), 1143–1156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-012-0806-9.
Mohammad, A. W., & Amin, I. N. H. M. (2013). Fouling of Ultrafiltration Membrane during Adsorption of Long Chain Fatty Acid in Glycerine Solutions. Sains Malaysiana, 42(6), 827–836.
Mulder, M. (1996). Basic Principles of Membrane Technology. Dordrecht: Kluver Academic Publishers.
Ng, L. Y., Mohammad, A. W., Leo, C. P., & Hilal, N. (2013). Polymeric membranes incorporated with metal/metal oxide nanoparticles: a comprehensive review. Desalination, 308, 15–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.11.033.
Ngo, T. H. A., Nguyen, D. T., Do, K. D., Nguyen, T. T. M., Mori, S., & Tran. D. T. (2016). Surface modification of polyamide thin film composite membrane by coating of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices, 1(4):468–475.
Onsekizoglu, P. (2010). Effects of Osmotic and Membrane Distillation Treatment on the Quality of the Product at Apple Juice Production.
Oszmianski, J., & Wojdyło, A. (2007). Effects of various clarification treatments on phenolic compounds and color of apple juice. European Food Research and Technology, 224(6), 755–762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-006-0370-5.
Pap, N., Mahosenaho, M., Pongrácz, E., Mikkonen, H., Jaakkola, M., Virtanen, V., Myllykoski, L., Horváth-Hovorka, Z., Hodúr, C., Vatai, G., & Keiski, R. L. (2012). Effect of ultrafiltration on anthocyanin and flavonol content of black currant juice (Ribes nigrum L.). Food and Bioprocess Technology, 5(3), 921–928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-010-0371-z.
Pinelo, M., Zeuner, B., & Meyer, A. S. (2010). Juice clarification by protease and pectinase treatments indicates new roles of pectin and protein in cherry juice turbidity. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 88(2), 259–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2009.03.005.
Razmjou, A., Mansouri, J., & Chen, V. (2011). The effects of mechanical and chemical modification of TiO2nanoparticles on the surface chemistry, structure and fouling performance of PES ultrafiltration membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 378(1–2), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2010.10.019.
Razmjou, A., Resosudarmo, A., Holmes, R. L., Li, H., Mansouri, J., & Chen, V. (2012). The effect of modified TiO2 nanoparticles on the polyethersulfone ultrafiltration hollow fiber membranes. Desalination, 287, 271–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.11.025.
Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Pannala, A., Yang, M., & Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved Abts radical. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 26(98), 1231–1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3.
Sagu, S. T., Karmakar, S., Nso, E. J., Kapseu, C., & De, S. (2014). Ultrafiltration of banana (Musa acuminata) juice using hollow fibers for enhanced shelf life. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 7(9), 2711–2722. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-014-1309-7.
Saki, S., & Uzal, N. (2018). Preparation and characterization of PSF/PEI/CaCO 3 nanocomposite membranes for oil/water separation, 25315–25326.
Saleh, T. A., & Gupta, V. K. (2012). Synthesis and characterization of alumina nano-particles polyamide membrane with enhanced flux rejection performance. Separation and Purification Technology, 89, 245–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2012.01.039.
Schaep, J., Vandecasteele, C., Leysen, R., & Doyen, W. (1998). Salt retention of Zirfon® membranes. Separation and Purification Technology, 14(1-3) :127–131.
Silvina, B. L., & Frei, B. (2004). Relevance of apple polyphenols as antioxidants in human plasma: contrasting in vitro in vivo effects. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 36(2), 201–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2003.10.005.
Spanos, G. A., & Wrolstad, R. E. (1990). Influence of processing and storage on the phenolic composition of Thompson seedless grape juice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 20, 1565–1571. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00097a030.
Trimpert, C., Boese, G., Albrecht, W., Richau, K., & Weigel, T. (2006). Poly(ether imide) membranes modified with poly(ethylene imine) as potential carriers for epidermal substitutes. Macromolecular Bioscience, 6(4), 274–284. https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.200500238.
Uzal, N., Ates, N., Saki, S., Bulbul, Y. E., & Chen, Y. (2017). Enhanced hydrophilicity and mechanical robustness of polysulfone nanofiber membranes by addition of polyethyleneimine and Al2O3 nanoparticles. Separation and Purification Technology, 187, 118–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.06.047.
Varnam, A., & Sutherland, J. M. (1994). Beverages: Technology, Chemistry and Microbiology. Springer. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=hHVmBknpMW8C
Vatanpour, V., Madaeni, S. S., Khataee, A. R., Salehi, E., Zinadini, S., & Monfared, H. A. (2012). TiO2 embedded mixed matrix PES nanocomposite membranes: influence of different sizes and types of nanoparticles on antifouling and performance. Desalination, 292, 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.02.006.
Verma, S. P., & Sarkar, B. (2015). Food and bioproducts processing analysis of flux decline during ultrafiltration of apple juice in a batch cell. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 94(2012), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2015.03.002.
Wang, Y.-Q., Su, Y.-L., Sun, Q., Ma, X.-L., & Jiang, Z.-Y. (2006). Generation of anti-biofouling ultrafiltration membrane surface by blending novel branched amphiphilic polymers with polyethersulfone. Journal of Membrane Science, 286(1), 228–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.09.040.
Wu, C., Li, A., & Li, L. (2008). Treatment of oily water by a poly(vinyl alcohol) ultrafiltration membrane. Desalination, 225(1–3), 312–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.07.012.
Yan, L., Li, Y. S., Xiang, C. B., & Xianda, S. (2006). Effect of nano-sized Al2O3-particle addition on PVDF ultrafiltration membrane performance. Journal of Membrane Science, 276(1–2), 162–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2006.03.024.
Yang, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, P., Zheng, Q., & Li, J. (2007). The influence of nano-sized TiO2fillers on the morphologies and properties of PSF UF membrane. Journal of Membrane Science, 288(1–2), 231–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.11.019.
Yoo, J. E., Kim, J. H., Kim, Y., & Kim, C. K. (2003). Novel ultrafiltration membranes prepared from the new miscible blends of polysulfone with poly(1-vinylpyrrolidone-co-styrene) copolymers. Journal of Membrane Science, 216(1–2), 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(03)00062-0.
Yu, L.-Y., Shen, H.-M., & Xu, Z.-L. (2009). PVDF-TiO composite hollow fiber ultrafiltration membranes prepared by TiO sol-gel method and blending method. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 113(3) :1763-1772.
Zhao, L., Wang, Y., Qiu, D., & Liao, X. (2014). Effect of ultrafiltration combined with high-pressure processing on safety and quality features of fresh apple juice. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 7(11), 3246–3258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-014-1307-9.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Döhler Inc. for providing apple juice samples.
Funding
This study was funded by the Scientific Research Foundation of Abdullah Gül University (Project No: FCD-2017-92).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Severcan, S.S., Uzal, N. & Kahraman, K. Clarification of Apple Juice Using New Generation Nanocomposite Membranes Fabricated with TiO2 and Al2O3 Nanoparticles. Food Bioprocess Technol 13, 391–403 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-019-02373-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-019-02373-0