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Walking the thin line… ten years later: the dilemma of above- versus below-ground features to support phylogenies in the Russulaceae (Basidiomycota)

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Abstract

For the very first time, morpho-anatomical features of both fruiting bodies as well as below-ground structures have been confronted with a newly produced multigene phylogeny of root symbiotic basidiomycetes using one of the most speciose genera of ectomycorrhizal fungi (Russula, Russulales) as an example. In this first of two papers, the authors focus more specifically on below-ground structures. Our five-gene phylogeny divides the genus in five main clades, here interpreted as representing seven subgenera, all significantly supported. Although more conserved than features of fruiting bodies, the anatomy of ectomycorrhiza does not allow for an unambiguous characterization of the main clades resolved by phylogenetic analysis, but the anatomy of ectomycorrhiza performs better to naturally classify the species of this genus. Features of fruiting bodies remain much more adequate for the delimitation of terminal clades and are irreplaceable for morphological species identification. Tropical taxa mostly nest in ancient lineages, but are also present in some terminal clades of otherwise temperate species groups. The shift from plectenchymatic to pseudoparenchymatic ECM outer mantle structures happened most likely already in the paleotropics, and is here hypothesized to have facilitated a major diversification of the genus with new hosts in the northern hemisphere. Available data as well as our own observations on below ground structures of several Lactifluus species suggests that this genus shares with Russula the absence of lactifers in ECM mantles and rhizomorphs, contrary to species of Lactarius where lactifers are always present. First observations on rhizomorphs of species in Multifurca confirm the presence of vessel-like and ladder-like hyphae, also found in the other agarioid genera of this family, while distinct lactifers are only present in the lactarioid, but not in russuloid members of this genus.

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Acknowledgements

The first author acknowledges the US department of the Interior national Park Service for delivering a collecting permit for the Big Thicket National Preserve (BTNP). The Big Thicket Association (Saratoga, Texas, USA) is acknowledged for funding the collecting trip to the BTNP. We are particularly grateful to Y. Lamoureux and family for hosting us when exploring Russula in Québec (Canada) and sharing his knowledge of local taxa, to S. Adamčík for hosting us during joint Russula trips in Slovakia, to A. Kong and family for introducing us to the rich Mexican Russula mycota, to D.P. Lewis and family for travel and accommodation in Texas, and to Mona Halverson, Director of the Thicket of Diversity (ToD), for great working facilities during our stay in 2013; for collecting in Madagascar the first author thanks the National Geographic Society for funding the research through Grant Nos. #7921-05 and #6365-98. The CNRE at Tsimbazaza, Antananarivo, is thanked for logistical support, in particular E. Randrianjohany for field assistance; for collecting in New Caledonia funding was provided through two ANR projects (project BIONECAL ANR-07-BDIV-006, PI P. Grandcolas; CIRAD, project UltrABiO ANR-07-BDIV-010, PI M. Ducousso); the Molecular Service (USM2700) of the Paris’ natural History Museum is thanked for assistance with procedures for sequencing. The authors thank M. Perez-de-Gregorio, M. Taselli, M. Floriani, JM Trendel, C. Sharp and D. Mitchell for providing some of the specimens sequenced in this study.

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  1. Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Département Systématique et Origines, CP 39, Institut pour la Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, Sorbonne Université, UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE, 12 Rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France

    Bart Buyck

  2. Department of Environmental Systems Science, Genetic Diversity Centre, ETH Zürich, CHN E 55, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland

    Stefan Zoller

  3. Department of Plant Protection, Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil Research Station, ACW, Rte de Duiller, 1260, Nyon, Switzerland

    Valerie Hofstetter

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Buyck, B., Zoller, S. & Hofstetter, V. Walking the thin line… ten years later: the dilemma of above- versus below-ground features to support phylogenies in the Russulaceae (Basidiomycota). Fungal Diversity 89, 267–292 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0397-5

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