Trends in Biotechnology
ReviewA Physiology-Inspired Multifactorial Toolbox in Soft-to-Hard Musculoskeletal Interface Tissue Engineering
Section snippets
Musculoskeletal Interfaces and Regeneration Requirements: A Global Burden
Body tissues and organs are inherently composed of multiple tissues interfacing each other and allowing extremely complex biological functions to take place. In the musculoskeletal system, these tissue interfaces integrate extremely dissimilar tissues with distinctive characteristics, ranging from a hard and highly vascularized tissue with lightweight stiffness and strength, such as the bone, to extremely viscoelastic and avascular tissues, such as articular cartilage, or to tough, resilient,
A Multifactorial Toolbox for Designing Tissue Engineering Strategies
Based on the hierarchical organization of soft-to-hard tissue interfaces, various biomaterials-based approaches have been proposed over the past decade. For tendon/ligament–bone interface, scaffold design has long relied on the creation of stratified layers with or without minerals and reconstructed graft materials for interface repair [8]; however, this does not truly recreate the physiological structure. Therefore, multiphasic and gradient fiber-based scaffold designs, along with strategic
Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
Soft-to-hard tissue interfaces have primary mechanical roles. Thus, tissue engineering dedicates a considerable effort toward recapitulating these structures through biomaterial design. Nonetheless, the characteristic complexity of interfacial tissues requires integrative tissue engineering approaches that combine a set of tools (biological, biophysical, and biochemical) toward guiding native or transplanted cells.
Over the years, advances in biotechnological tools have refined TERM strategies.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the financial support from the European Union Framework Programme for Research and Innovation HORIZON2020 (TEAMING Grant agreement, No 739572 - The Discoveries CTR), the ERC Grant CoG MagTendon (nr 772817), Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) for the PhD grant of I.C. (PD/BD/128088/2016), and the Project NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000021 through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).
Glossary
- Biochemical cues
- molecules involved in chemical reactions within living organisms that have the ability of initiating or modifying a biochemical or signaling cascade; such signals can be mimicked in vitro by culture supplementation or biofunctionalization.
- Biofunctionalization
- modification of a material surface for either specific or nonspecific immobilization of defined motifs or biomolecules that add biological functionality in addition to biocompatibility/tolerability by the body.
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Enthesis repair – State of play
2024, Biomaterials AdvancesNatural, synthetic and commercially-available biopolymers used to regenerate tendons and ligaments
2023, Bioactive MaterialsCitation Excerpt :TL tissue are frequently subjected to tension applied by muscular contraction or other external forces; therefore, mechanical loading is more popular to modulate the critical characteristics of the cells, such as cell differentiation and alignment, and matrix deposition [8,86,193]. It has been shown that dynamically loaded constructs are superior in regeneration of TL and interface tissues compared to static constructs [194]. Bosworth et al. [195] showed that dynamic loading over 21 days (with 3600 cycles per day) of cell-seeded PCL electrospun yarns not only increased the cell proliferation and tensile strength of the yarn but also resulted in the up-regulation of some tendon-related genes, such as collagen I and III, tenascin-C, elastin and fibronectin [195].
Dual gradients of bioactive components on electrospun fibers for cell migration and controlled stem cell differentiation
2022, Materials Today AdvancesCitation Excerpt :A series of gradient structures exist in natural tissues and organs, especially those involved in the skeletal muscle system, such as tendon-bone junctions [1,2] and the osteochondral interface [3,4].
Junctional epithelium and hemidesmosomes: Tape and rivets for solving the “percutaneous device dilemma” in dental and other permanent implants
2022, Bioactive MaterialsCitation Excerpt :Soft-to-hard tissue interfaces, such the tendon/ligament-to-bone interface found at rotator cuff and anterior cruciate ligaments or cartilage-to-bone interfaces found in knee joints, are intricately designed sites of load transfer between markedly different tissues [450,451]. A variety of bioengineering strategies have been developed to regenerate these interfaces marked by gradients and optimized spatial distribution of nonmineralized and mineralized regions [452,453]. For example, the natural tooth is partially comprised of the periodontal ligament (PDL), an anisotropic viscoelastic, soft connective tissue between the inner wall of the alveolar socket and roots that transfers loads [454,455].
The tendon microenvironment: Engineered in vitro models to study cellular crosstalk
2022, Advanced Drug Delivery ReviewsCitation Excerpt :Moreover, the combination of adequate topography and mechanical stimulation better recreated the tendon microenvironment [133,171]. Yet, the entire compilation of biological, chemical, and physical cues of tendon tissue 3D microenvironments [124,172] cannot be closely recapitulated in 2D, which has motivated the search of new tools to build more accurate and biologically representative models. The addition of complexity by designing 3D structures to host cells has several advantages when recreating tissue environments (Table 1).
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These authors contributed equally to this work
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