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  • Review Article
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Geometric phase from Aharonov–Bohm to Pancharatnam–Berry and beyond

Nature Reviews Physics volume 1, pages 437–449 (2019)Cite this article

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Abstract

Whenever a quantum system undergoes a cyclic evolution governed by a slow change of parameters, it acquires a phase factor: the geometric phase. Its most common formulations are known as the Aharonov–Bohm phase and the Pancharatnam and Berry phase, but both earlier and later manifestations exist. Although traditionally attributed to the foundations of quantum mechanics, the geometric phase has been generalized and become increasingly influential in many areas from condensed-matter physics and optics to high-energy and particle physics and from fluid mechanics to gravity and cosmology. Interestingly, the geometric phase also offers unique opportunities for quantum information and computation. In this Review, we first introduce the Aharonov–Bohm effect as an important realization of the geometric phase. Then, we discuss in detail the broader meaning, consequences and realizations of the geometric phase, emphasizing the most important mathematical methods and experimental techniques used in the study of the geometric phase, in particular those related to recent works in optics and condensed-matter physics.

Key points

  • The Aharonov–Bohm phase, acquired by charged particles encircling a confined magnetic flux, is topological, gauge invariant and realistic, highlighting the unique role of electromagnetic potentials in quantum mechanics.

  • The Aharonov–Bohm phase can be seen as a manifestation of Berry’s geometric phase accumulated whenever a quantum system is adiabatically transported around a cyclic circuit on an abstract surface in the parameter space (with additional generalizations to degenerate and open systems, and to non-adiabatic, non-cyclic, non-unitary evolutions).

  • The geometric phase is an example of a holonomy (failure of parallel transport around closed cycles to preserve the geometrical information being transported) and its profound role in physics.

  • The two main types of geometric phase in optics originate from ‘spin redirection’ (when light with a fixed state of polarization is changing direction) and from a slow change in polarization (of light propagating through an anisotropic medium in a fixed direction), giving rise to the Pancharatnam–Berry phase.

  • In condensed-matter physics, the geometric phase manifests itself in the electronic Bloch states, quantum Hall effect, electric polarization, exchange statistics and many other phenomena.

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Fig. 1: The Aharonov–Bohm effect.
Fig. 2: Parallel transport and holonomy within a vector bundle.
Fig. 3: Illustrations of the geometric phase in optics.
Fig. 4: Realizations of a spin-dependent geometric phase through a structured metasurface.
Fig. 5: Photonic quantum walk employing orbital angular momentum.
Fig. 6: Electronic Bloch states in the first Brillouin zone, and the quantum Hall effect.
Fig. 7: Exchange statistics in the case of anyons.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Canada Research Chair (CRC), Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI), Canada First Excellence Research Fund (CFREF) Program, DFG grants no. MI 658/10-1, no. RO 2247/8-1 and CRC 183, Leverhulme Trust and the Italia-Israel project QUANTRA.

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  1. Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

    Eliahu Cohen, Hugo Larocque, Frédéric Bouchard, Farshad Nejadsattari & Ebrahim Karimi

  2. Faculty of Engineering and Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel

    Eliahu Cohen

  3. Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

    Yuval Gefen

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Glossary

Topological invariants

Any properties of a topological space that are invariant under homeomorphisms.

Winding number

The number of times that a closed curve travels anticlockwise around a point on a surface.

Connection

Operation that allows parallel transport over the vector bundle.

Vector bundle

A family of vector spaces.

Chern class

A certain topological invariant associated with vector bundles on smooth manifolds.

Jones vectors

The 2D vectors describing polarization of light.

Quantum walk

The quantum analogue of classical random walk taking advantage of quantum coherent superposition.

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Cohen, E., Larocque, H., Bouchard, F. et al. Geometric phase from Aharonov–Bohm to Pancharatnam–Berry and beyond. Nat Rev Phys 1, 437–449 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42254-019-0071-1

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