Therapeutic targeting of glutaminolysis as an essential strategy to combat cancer
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Abreviations
AcCoA
acetyl coenzyme A
AKG
α-ketoglutarate
ERK
extracellular signal-regulated kinases
FH
fumarate hydratase
GA
glutaminase
GAB
long glutaminase 2 isoform
GABA
gamma-aminobutyric acid
GAC
short glutaminase isoform
GBM
glioblastoma
GCS
gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase
GFAT
glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase
GLUD
glutamate dehydrogenase
Glc
glucose
Gln
glutamine
GLS
glutaminase isoenzyme
GLS2
glutaminase 2 isoenzyme
Glu
glutamate
GSH
glutathione
2-HG
2-hydroxyglutarate
HIF
hypoxia-inducible factor
IDH
isocitrate dehydrogenase
KGA
long glutaminase isoform
KRAS
V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma
LGA
short glutaminase 2 isoform
mTOR
mammalian target of rapamycine
MS
mass spectrometry
NADH
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADPH
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NEAAs
non-essential aminoacids
NF-κB
nuclear factor-kappa B
NSCLC
non-small-cell lung cancer
OXPHOS
oxidative phosphorylation
PC
pyruvate carboxylase
PDAC
pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
PDH
pyruvate dehydrogenase
PET
positron emission tomography
PI3K
phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase
PKB
protein kinase B
PKM2
pyruvate kinase M2 isoform
PPP
pentose phosphate pathway
ROS
reactive oxygen species
SDH
succinate dehydrogenase
TCA
tricarboxylic acid
TME
tumor microenvironment
TNBC
triple-negative breast cancer
Keywords
Cancer
Combination therapy
Glutaminase inhibitors
Glutamine imaging
Glutaminolysis
Metabolomics
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These authors contributed equally.
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.