Abstract
Active galactic nuclei (AGN) are energetic astrophysical sources powered by accretion onto supermassive black holes in galaxies, and present unique observational signatures that cover the full electromagnetic spectrum over more than twenty orders of magnitude in frequency. The rich phenomenology of AGN has resulted in a large number of different “flavours” in the literature that now comprise a complex and confusing AGN “zoo”. It is increasingly clear that these classifications are only partially related to intrinsic differences between AGN and primarily reflect variations in a relatively small number of astrophysical parameters as well the method by which each class of AGN is selected. Taken together, observations in different electromagnetic bands as well as variations over time provide complementary windows on the physics of different sub-structures in the AGN. In this review, we present an overview of AGN multi-wavelength properties with the aim of painting their “big picture” through observations in each electromagnetic band from radio to \(\gamma \)-rays as well as AGN variability. We address what we can learn from each observational method, the impact of selection effects, the physics behind the emission at each wavelength, and the potential for future studies. To conclude, we use these observations to piece together the basic architecture of AGN, discuss our current understanding of unification models, and highlight some open questions that present opportunities for future observational and theoretical progress.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
The mm/sub-mm band is missing from this paper because it mostly probes molecular gas that resides in the AGN host galaxy. However, with the high-resolution capabilities of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) we are starting to resolve the innermost parts of AGN down to parsec scales (Sect. 8.4).
The ratio between the observed luminosity and the Eddington luminosity, \(L_{\mathrm{Edd}} = 1.3 \times 10^{46}~(M/10^8~{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot })~\hbox {erg}~\hbox {s}^{-1},\) where \({\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }\) is one solar mass. This is the maximum isotropic luminosity a body can achieve when there is balance between radiation pressure (on the electrons) and gravitational force (on the protons).
Most presentations and posters can be found at http://www.eso.org/sci/meetings/2016/AGN2016.html.
Free-free emission originating in H II regions may substantially contribute to the overall radio spectrum of SFGs. This, however, is expected to occur at rest-frame frequencies higher than \({\sim }20\) GHz (e.g. Fig. 1 in Condon 1992). The contribution of this emission process to the overall radio spectrum is taken to be negligible for galaxies dominated in the radio regime by an AGN.
Any compact component coincident with the central galaxy was not taken into account.
The switch in \(L/L_\mathrm{Edd}\) is not to be taken as sharp but as a transition in a statistical sense. The fundamental physical separation of the various AGN types may be a function of more parameters (such as spin and BH mass) and one should keep in mind that the observational data used to constrain this separation are subject to measurement and computational uncertainties and biases (e.g. the role of environment in kinetic luminosity determinations, contamination of selection proxies by stellar, rather than AGN related processes, etc.; see, e.g. Mingo et al. 2014).
Note that, while it might be safe to assume that anything above \(P_{1.4~\mathrm{{GHz}}} \approx 10^{24}\) W Hz\(^{-1}\) has nothing to do with SF, this is only valid at low redshifts given the strong evolution of SFGs (e.g. Padovani 2016).
Derived for FIRST-SDSS AGN at \(z<0.3\) from the \({\sim }900\) deg\(^2\) LARGESS survey and spectroscopically classified.
Derived for Seyfert galaxies using \(1^{\prime \prime }\) angular resolution radio continuum data; see also Padovani et al. (2015).
The former class has been selected through X-ray, IR, and SED-criteria, while the latter has been identified via \({>}3\sigma \) radio-excess relative to the host galaxies’ IR-based SFRs, and red rest-frame optical colours, and lacking X-ray, IR, and SED-based signatures of AGN activity (Smolčić et al. 2017a; Delvecchio et al. 2017). In this study the SF related contribution to the total radio luminosity was statistically subtracted.
For Spitzer we refer specifically to the four broad bands of the IRAC instrument (Fazio et al. 2004) centred at 3.6, 4.5, 5.8 and 8 \(\upmu \)m (and referred to as [3.6], [4.5], [5.8] and [8.0] respectively), and to the 24 \(\upmu \)m band of the MIPS instrument (Rieke et al. 2004). For WISE we refer to all its four bands, centred at 3.4, 4.6, 12 and 22 \(\upmu \)m, usually referred to as W1–W4.
This is a set of correlations between properties observed in quasar spectra, which comes out of principal component analysis.
NIR spectroscopy can be used as well, but the sample size of objects with appropriate data is relatively small by comparison (but see, Ricci et al. 2017).
In this section we focus on high accretion-rate AGN (with an optically thick and geometrically thin accretion disk; i.e. \(L/L_{\mathrm{Edd}} > 0.01\)), which account for the majority of the BH growth in the Universe (e.g. Ueda et al. 2014; Aird et al. 2015). Low accretion-rate AGN (with an optically thin, geometrically thick, hot accretion flow; i.e. \(L/L_{{\mathrm{Edd}}} < 0.01\)) can also be selected at X-ray energies, although the accretion process is driven by advection of a hot plasma; see Sect. 2.1.4, Done et al. (2007), and Yuan and Narayan (2014) for more details.
With the exception of NGC 1068 and NGC 4945, two Seyfert 2 galaxies in which the \(\gamma \)-ray emission is thought to be related to their starburst component (Ackermann et al. 2012b).
References
Abdo AA, Ackermann M, Ajello M et al (2010a) The spectral energy distribution of Fermi bright blazars. Astrophys J 716:30–70. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/716/1/30
Abdo AA, Ackermann M, Ajello M et al (2010b) The Fermi-LAT high-latitude survey: source count distributions and the origin of the extragalactic diffuse background. Astrophys J 720:435. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/720/1/435
Acero F, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Albert A, Atwood WB, Axelsson M, Baldini L, Ballet J et al (2015) Fermi large area telescope third source catalog. Astrophys J Suppl 218:23. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/218/2/23
Ackermann M, Ajello M, Allafort A, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bechtol K et al (2012a) Search for gamma-ray emission from X-ray-selected Seyfert galaxies with Fermi-LAT. Astrophys J 747:104. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/747/2/104
Ackermann M, Ajello M, Allafort A, Baldini L, Ballet J, Bastieri D, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R et al (2012b) GeV observations of star-forming galaxies with the Fermi large area telescope. Astrophys J 755:164. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/755/2/164
Ackermann M et al (2012c) The imprint of the extragalactic background light in the gamma-ray spectra of blazars. Science 338:1190. doi:10.1126/science.1227160
Ackermann M, Ajello M, Albert A et al (2015a) The spectrum of isotropic diffuse gamma-ray emission between 100 MeV and 820 GeV. Astrophys J 799:86. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/799/1/86
Ackermann M, Ajello M, Atwood WB, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Becerra Gonzalez J et al (2015b) The third catalog of active galactic nuclei detected by the Fermi large area telescope. Astrophys J 810:14. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/810/1/14
Ackermann M, Ajello M, Atwood WB et al (2016a) 2FHL: the second catalog of hard Fermi-LAT sources. Astrophys J Suppl 222:5. doi:10.3847/0067-0049/222/1/5
Ackermann M, Ajello M, Albert A et al (2016b) Resolving the extragalactic gamma-ray background above 50 GeV with the Fermi large area telescope. PhRvL 116:1105. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.151105
Aharonian FA (2000) TeV gamma rays from BL Lac objects due to synchrotron radiation of extremely high energy protons. New Astron. 5:377. doi:10.1016/S1384-1076(00)00039-7
Aharonian F, Akhperjanian AG, Aye KM et al (2005) Observations of Mkn 421 in 2004 with HESS at large zenith angles. Astron Astrophys 437:95. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053050
Aird J, Coil AL, Moustakas J, Blanton MR, Burles SM, Cool RJ, Eisenstein DJ, Smith MSM et al (2012) PRIMUS: the dependence of AGN accretion on host stellar mass and color. Astrophys J 746:90. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/746/1/90
Aird J, Comastri A, Brusa M, Cappelluti N, Moretti A, Vanzella E, Volonteri M, Alexander D et al (2013) The hot and energetic Universe: the formation and growth of the earliest supermassive black holes. arXiv:1306.2325
Aird J, Coil AL, Georgakakis A, Nandra K, Barro G, Pérez-González PG (2015) The evolution of the X-ray luminosity functions of unabsorbed and absorbed AGNs out to \(z\sim 5\). MNRAS 451:1892–1927. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1062
Ajello M, Gasparini D, Sanchez-Conde M et al (2015) The origin of the extragalactic gamma-ray background and implications for dark matter annihilation. Astrophys J 800:L27–L34. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/800/2/L27
Akylas A, Georgantopoulos I, Ranalli P, Gkiokas E, Corral A, Lanzuisi G (2016) Compton-thick AGN in the 70-month swift-BAT all-sky hard X-ray survey: a Bayesian approach. Astron Astrophys 594:A73. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628711
Albert J et al (2007) Observations of Markarian 421 with the MAGIC telescope. Astrophys J 663:125. doi:10.1086/518221
Alexander DM, Hickox RC (2012) What drives the growth of black holes? New Astron Rev 56:93–121. doi:10.1016/j.newar.2011.11.003
Alexander DM, Bauer FE, Chapman SC, Smail I, Blain AW, Brandt WN, Ivison RJ (2005) The X-ray spectral properties of SCUBA galaxies. Astrophys J 632:736–750. doi:10.1086/444342
Alexander DM, Chary R-R, Pope A, Bauer FE, Brandt WN, Daddi E, Dickinson M, Elbaz D et al (2008) Reliable identification of compton-thick quasars at \(z\approx 2\): Spitzer mid-infrared spectroscopy of HDF-oMD49. Astrophys J 687:835–847. doi:10.1086/591928
Alexandroff R, Strauss MA, Greene JE, Zakamska NL, Ross NP, Brandt WN, Liu G, Smith PS et al (2013) Candidate type II quasars at \(2< z< 4.3\) in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III. MNRAS 435:3306–3325. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1500
Allevato V, Paolillo M, Papadakis I, Pinto C (2013) Measuring X-ray variability in faint/sparsely sampled active galactic nuclei. Astrophys J 771:9. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/771/1/9
Almaini O, Lawrence A, Shanks T, Edge A, Boyle BJ, Georgantopoulos I, Gunn KF, Stewart GC et al (2000) X-ray variability in a deep, flux-limited sample of QSOs. MNRAS 315:325–336. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03385.x
Alonso-Herrero A, Esquej P, Roche PF, Ramos Almeida C, González-Martín O, Packham C, Levenson NA, Mason RE et al (2016) A mid-infrared spectroscopic atlas of local active galactic nuclei on sub-arcsecond resolution using GTC/CanariCam. MNRAS 455:563–583. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2342
Alston WN, Parker ML, Markevičiūtė J, Fabian AC, Middleton M, Lohfink A, Kara E, Pinto C et al (2015) Discovery of an \(\sim \)2-h high-frequency X-ray QPO and iron K \(\alpha \); reverberation in the active galaxy MS 2254.9\(-\)3712. MNRAS 449:467–476. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv351
Amenomori M, Ayabe S, Cui SW et al (2003) Multi-TeV gamma-ray flares from Markarian 421 in 2000 and 2001 observed with the Tibet air shower array. Astrophys J 598:242. doi:10.1086/378350
Angione RJ (1973) QSO historical light curves. Astronom J 78:353–368. doi:10.1086/111424
Annuar A, Gandhi P, Alexander DM, Lansbury GB, Arévalo P, Ballantyne DR, Baloković M, Bauer FE et al (2015) NuSTAR observations of the compton-thick active galactic nucleus and ultraluminous X-ray source candidate in NGC 5643. Astrophys J 815:36. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/815/1/36
Annuar A, Alexander DM, Gandhi P, Lansbury GB, Asmus D, Ballantyne DR, Bauer FE, Boggs SE et al (2017) A new Compton-thick AGN in our cosmic backyard: unveiling the buried nucleus in NGC 1448 with NuSTAR. Astrophys J 836:165. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/836/2/165
Antonucci R (1993) Unified models for active galactic nuclei and quasars. Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 31:473–521. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.31.090193.002353
Antonucci RRJ, Miller JS (1985) Spectropolarimetry and the nature of NGC 1068. Astrophys J 297:621–632. doi:10.1086/163559
Arévalo P, Uttley P (2006) Investigating a fluctuating-accretion model for the spectral-timing properties of accreting black hole systems. MNRAS 367:801–814. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.09989.x
Arévalo P, Uttley P, Kaspi S, Breedt E, Lira P, McHardy IM (2008) Correlated X-ray/optical variability in the quasar MR2251-178. MNRAS 389:1479–1488. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13719.x
Arévalo P, Uttley P, Lira P, Breedt E, McHardy IM, Churazov E (2009) Correlation and time delays of the X-ray and optical emission of the Seyfert Galaxy NGC 3783. MNRAS 397:2004–2014. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15110.x
Armus L, Charmandaris V, Bernard-Salas J et al (2007) Observations of ultraluminous infrared galaxies with the infrared spectrograph on the Spitzer space telescope. II. The IRAS bright galaxy sample. Astrophys J 656:148–167. doi:10.1086/510107
Arsioli B, Chang YL (2017) Searching for gamma-ray signature in WHSP blazars: Fermi-LAT detection of 150 excess signal in the 0.3-500 GeV band. Astron Astrophys 598:A134. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628691
Asmus D, Gandhi P, Hönig SF, Smette A, Duschl WJ (2015) The subarcsecond mid-infrared view of local active galactic nuclei—II. The mid-infrared-X-ray correlation. MNRAS 454:766–803. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1950
Asmus D, Hönig SF, Gandhi P (2016) The subarcsecond mid-infrared view of local active galactic nuclei. III. Polar dust emission. Astrophys J 822:109. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/822/2/109
Assef RJ, Kochanek CS, Brodwin M, Cool R, Forman W, Gonzalez AH, Hickox RC, Jones C et al (2010) Low-resolution spectral templates for active galactic nuclei and galaxies from 0.03 to 30 \(\mu \)m. Astrophys J 713:970–985. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/713/2/970
Assef RJ, Kochanek CS, Ashby MLN, Brodwin M, Brown MJI, Cool R, Forman W, Gonzalez AH et al (2011) The mid-IR- and X-ray-selected QSO luminosity function. Astrophys J 728:56. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/728/1/56
Assef RJ, Stern D, Kochanek CS et al (2013) Mid-infrared selection of active galactic nuclei with the wide-field infrared survey explorer. II. Properties of WISE-selected active galactic nuclei in the NDWFS Boötes field. Astrophys J 772:26. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/772/1/26
Assef RJ, Eisenhardt PRM, Stern D et al (2015) Half of the most luminous quasars may be obscured: investigating the nature of WISE-selected hot dust-obscured galaxies. Astrophys J 804:27. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/804/1/27
Atwood WB, Abdo AA, Ackermann M, Althouse W, Anderson B, Axelsson M, Baldini L, Ballet J, Band DL, Barbiellini G et al (2009) The large area telescope on the Fermi gamma-ray space telescope mission. Astrophys J 697:1071–1102. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/697/2/1071
Azadi M, Aird J, Coil AL, Moustakas J, Mendez AJ, Blanton MR, Cool RJ, Eisenstein DJ et al (2015) PRIMUS: the relationship between star formation and AGN accretion. Astrophys J 806:187. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/806/2/187
Baade W, Minkowski R (1954) On the identification of radio sources. Astrophys J 119:215–231. doi:10.1086/145813
Baldassare VF, Reines AE, Gallo E, Greene JE (2015) A \(\sim \)50,000 solar mass black hole in the nucleus of RGG 118. Astrophys J Lett 809:L14. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/809/1/L14
Baldi RD, Capetti A (2010) Spectro-photometric properties of the bulk of the radio-loud AGN population. Astron Astrophys 519:A48. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014446
Baldi RD, Capetti A, Giovannini G (2015) Pilot study of the radio-emitting AGN population: the emerging new class of FR 0 radio-galaxies. Astron Astrophys 576:A38. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425426
Baldwin JA (1997) Luminosity indicators in the spectra of quasi-stellar objects. Astrophys J 214:679–684. doi:10.1086/155294
Baldwin JA, Phillips MM, Terlevich R (1981) Classification parameters for the emission-line spectra of extragalactic objects. Publ Astron Soc Pac 93:5–19. doi:10.1086/130766
Baloković M, Smolčić V, Ivezić Ž, Zamorani G, Schinnerer E, Kelly BC (2012) Disclosing the radio loudness distribution dichotomy in quasars: an unbiased Monte Carlo approach applied to the SDSS-FIRST quasar sample. Astrophys J 759:30. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/759/1/30
Baloković M, Comastri A, Harrison FA, Alexander DM, Ballantyne DR, Bauer FE, Boggs SE, Brandt WN et al (2014) The NuSTAR view of nearby Compton-thick active galactic nuclei: the cases of NGC 424, NGC 1320, and IC 2560. Astrophys J 794:111. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/794/2/111
Bañados E, Venemans BP, Decarli R, Farina EP, Mazzucchelli C, Walter F, Fan X, Stern D et al (2016) The pan-STARRS1 distant \(z > 5.6\) quasar survey: more than 100 quasars within the first Gyr of the Universe. Astrophys J Suppl 227:11. doi:10.3847/0067-0049/227/1/11
Banerji M, McMahon RG, Hewett PC et al (2012) Heavily reddened quasars at \(z \sim 2\) in the UKIDSS Large Area Survey: a transitional phase in AGN evolution. MNRAS 427:2275–2291. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.22099.x
Banerji M, Alaghband-Zadeh S, Hewett PC, McMahon RG (2015) Heavily reddened type 1 quasars at \(z > 2\)—I. Evidence for significant obscured black hole growth at the highest quasar luminosities. MNRAS 447:3368–3389. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2649
Barthel PD (1989) Is every quasar beamed? Astrophys J 336:606–611. doi:10.1086/167038
Bartoli B, Bernardini P, Bi XJ et al (2011) Long-term monitoring of the TeV emission from Mrk 421 with the ARGO-YBJ experiment. Astrophys J 734:110. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/734/2/110
Barvainis R (1987) Hot dust and the near-infrared bump in the continuum spectra of quasars and active galactic nuclei. Astrophys J 320:537–544. doi:10.1086/165571
Baskin A, Laor A (2005) What controls the CIV line profile in active galactic nuclei? MNRAS 356:1029–1044. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08525.x
Benitez N, Dupke R, Moles M, Sodre L, Cenarro J, Marin-Franch A, Taylor K, Cristobal D et al (2014) J-PAS: the Javalambre-physics of the accelerated universe astrophysical survey. arXiv:1403.5237
Bentz MC, Peterson BM, Netzer H, Pogge RW, Vestergaard M (2009) The radius-luminosity relationship for active galactic nuclei: the effect of host-galaxy starlight on luminosity measurements. II. The full sample of reverberation-mapped AGNs. Astrophys J 697:160–181. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/697/1/160
Berta S, Lutz D, Santini P, Wuyts S, Rosario D, Brisbin D, Cooray A, Franceschini A et al (2013) Panchromatic spectral energy distributions of Herschel sources. Astron Astrophys 551:A100. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220859
Bertemes C, Trakhtenbrot B, Schawinski K, Done C, Elvis M (2016) Testing the completeness of the SDSS colour selection for ultramassive, slowly spinning black holes. MNRAS. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2207
Best PN, Heckman TM (2012) On the fundamental dichotomy in the local radio-AGN population: accretion, evolution and host galaxy properties. MNRAS 421:1569–1582. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20414.x
Bianchi S, Panessa F, Barcons X, Carrera FJ, La Franca F, Matt G, Onori F, Wolter A et al (2012) Simultaneous X-ray and optical observations of true type 2 Seyfert galaxies. MNRAS 426:3225–3240. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21959.x
Biteau J, Williams DA (2015) The extragalactic background light, the hubble constant, and anomalies: conclusions from 20 years of TeV gamma-ray observations. Astrophys J 812:60. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/812/1/60
Bongiorno A, Merloni A, Brusa M, Magnelli B, Salvato M, Mignoli M, Zamorani G, Fiore F et al (2012) Accreting supermassive black holes in the COSMOS field and the connection to their host galaxies. MNRAS 427:3103–3133. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.22089.x
Bonzini M, Padovani P, Mainieri V, Kellermann KI, Miller N, Rosati P, Tozzi P, Vattakunnel S et al (2013) The sub-mJy radio sky in the extended Chandra Deep Field-South: source population. MNRAS 436:3759–3771. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1879
Bonzini M, Mainieri V, Padovani P, Andreani P, Berta S, Bethermin M, Lutz D, Rodighiero G et al (2015) Star formation properties of sub-mJy radio sources. MNRAS 453:1079–1094. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1675
Boroson TA, Green RF (1992) The emission-line properties of low-redshift quasi-stellar objects. Astrophys J Suppl 80:109–135. doi:10.1086/191661
Boroson B, Kim D-W, Fabbiano G (2011) Revisiting with Chandra the scaling relations of the X-ray emission components (binaries, nuclei, and hot gas) of early-type galaxies. Astrophys J 729:12. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/729/1/12
Böttcher M, Dermer CD (2010) Timing signatures of the internal-shock model for blazars. Astrophys J 711:445–460. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/711/1/445
Böttcher M, Reimer A, Sweeney K, Prakash A (2013) Leptonic and hadronic modeling of Fermi-detected blazars. Astrophys J 768:54. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/768/1/54
Bovy J, Hennawi JF, Hogg DW, Myers AD, Kirkpatrick JA, Schlegel DJ, Ross NP, Sheldon ES et al (2011) Think outside the color box: probabilistic target selection and the SDSS-XDQSO quasar targeting catalog. Astrophys J 729:141. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/729/2/141
Brandt WN, Alexander DM (2015) Cosmic X-ray surveys of distant active galaxies. The demographics, physics, and ecology of growing supermassive black holes. Astron Astrophys Rev 23:1. doi:10.1007/s00159-014-0081-z
Breedt E, McHardy IM, Arévalo P, Uttley P, Sergeev SG, Minezaki T, Yoshii Y, Sakata Y et al (2010) Twelve years of X-ray and optical variability in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4051. MNRAS 403:605–619. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.16146.x
Brescia M, Cavuoti S, Longo G (2015) Automated physical classification in the SDSS DR10. A catalogue of candidate quasars. MNRAS 450:3893–3903. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv854
Bridle AH, Hough DH, Lonsdale CJ, Burns JO, Laing RA (1994) Deep VLA imaging of twelve extended 3CR quasars. Astron J 108:766–820. doi:10.1086/117112
Brotherton MS, Francis PJ (1999) The intermediate line region and the Baldwin effect. Quasars Cosmol 162:395
Brusa M, Fiore F, Santini P, Grazian A, Comastri A, Zamorani G, Hasinger G, Merloni A et al (2009) Black hole growth and starburst activity at \(z = 0.6{-}4\) in the Chandra Deep Field South. Host galaxies properties of obscured AGN. Astron Astrophys 507:1277–1289. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912261
Buchanan CL, Gallimore JF, O’Dea CP, Baum SA, Axon DJ, Robinson A, Elitzur M, Elvis M et al (2006) Spitzer IRS spectra of a large sample of Seyfert galaxies: a variety of infrared spectral energy distributions in the local active galactic nucleus population. Astron J 132:401–419. doi:10.1086/505022
Buchner J, Georgakakis A, Nandra K, Brightman M, Menzel M-L, Liu Z, Hsu L-T, Salvato M et al (2015) Obscuration-dependent evolution of active galactic nuclei. Astrophys J 802:89. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/802/2/89
Buchner J, Schulze S, Bauer FE (2017) Galaxy gas as obscurer—I. GRBs x-ray galaxies and find an \(N_{{{\rm H}}}^{3} \propto M_\star \) relation. MNRAS 464:4545–4566. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2423
Burtscher L, Davies RI, Graciá-Carpio J, Koss MJ, Lin M-Y, Lutz D, Nandra P, Netzer H et al (2016) On the relation of optical obscuration and X-ray absorption in Seyfert galaxies. Astron Astrophys 586:A28. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527575
Buttiglione S, Capetti A, Celotti A, Axon DJ, Chiaberge M, Macchetto FD, Sparks WB (2009) An optical spectroscopic survey of the 3CR sample of radio galaxies with \(z< 0.3\). I. Presentation of the data. Astron Astrophys 495:1033–1060. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200811102
Buttiglione S, Capetti A, Celotti A, Axon DJ, Chiaberge M, Macchetto FD, Sparks WB (2010) An optical spectroscopic survey of the 3CR sample of radio galaxies with \(z<0.3\). II. Spectroscopic classes and accretion modes in radio-loud AGN. Astron Astrophys 509:A6. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913290
Cackett EM, Horne K, Winkler H (2007) Testing thermal reprocessing in active galactic nuclei accretion disks. MNRAS 380:669–682. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12098.x
Capellupo DM, Netzer H, Lira P, Trakhtenbrot B, Mejía-Restrepo J (2015) Active galactic nuclei at \(z\sim 1.5\)—I. Spectral energy distribution and accretion discs. MNRAS 446:3427–3446. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2266
Caplar N, Lilly SJ, Trakhtenbrot B (2017) Optical Variability of AGNs in the PTF/iPTF survey. Astrophys J 834:111. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/834/2/111
Cappi M, Done C, Behar E, Bianchi S, Braito V, Costantini E, Dadina M, Feruglio C et al (2013) The hot and energetic universe: astrophysics of feedback in local AGN. arXiv:1306.2330
Cappi M, De Marco B, Ponti G, Ursini F, Petrucci P-O, Bianchi S, Kaastra JS, Kriss GA et al (2016) Anatomy of the AGN in NGC 5548. VIII. XMM-Newton’s EPIC detailed view of an unexpected variable multilayer absorber. Astron Astrophys 592:A27. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628464
Castelló-Mor N, Netzer H, Kaspi S (2016) Super- and sub-Eddington accreting massive black holes: a comparison of slim and thin accretion discs through study of the spectral energy distribution. MNRAS 458:1839–1858. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw445
Calistro RG, Williams WL, Hardcastle MJ, Duncan K, Rottgering HJA, Best PN, Bruggen M, Chyzy KT, et al (2017) The LOFAR window on star-forming galaxies and AGNs - curved radio SEDs and IR-radio correlation at \(0 < z < 2.5\). MNRAS 469:3468–3488. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1040
Chan CH, Krolik JH (2016) Radiation-driven outflows from and radiative support in dusty tori of active galactic nuclei. Astrophys J 825:67. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/825/1/67
Chandra P, Yadav KK, Rannot RC et al (2010) TeV observations of Mrk 421 with the TACTIC gamma-ray telescope during 2006–8. J Phys G 37:125201. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/37/12/125201
Chang Y-L, Arsioli B, Giommi P, Padovani P (2017) 2WHSP: a multi-frequency selected catalogue of high energy and very high energy \(\gamma \)-ray blazars and blazar candidates. Astron Astrophys 598:A17. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629487
Chen C-TJ, Hickox RC, Alberts S et al (2015) A connection between obscuration and star formation in luminous quasars. Astrophys J 802:50. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/802/1/50
Chen C-TJ, Brandt WN, Reines AE, Lansbury G, Stern D, Alexander DM, Bauer FE, Del Moro A et al (2017) Hard X-ray selected AGNs in low-mass galaxies from the NuSTAR serendipitous survey. Astrophys J 837:48. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa5d5b
Chi S, Barthel PD, Garrett MA (2013) Deep, wide-field, global VLBI observations of the Hubble deep field north (HDF-N) and flanking fields (HFF). Astron Astrophys 550:A68. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220783
Chiaberge M, Capetti A, Celotti A (1999) The HST view of FR I radio galaxies: evidence for non-thermal nuclear sources. Astron Astrophys 349:77–87
Chiaberge M, Macchetto FD, Sparks WB, Capetti A, Allen MG, Martel AR (2002) The nuclei of radio galaxies in the ultraviolet: the signature of different emission processes. Astrophys J 571:247–255. doi:10.1086/339846
Churazov E, Gilfanov M, Revnivtsev M (2001) Soft state of Cygnus X-1: stable disk and unstable corona. MNRAS 321:759–766. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04056.x
Cid Fernandes R, Jr Aretxaga I, Terlevich R (1996) The QSO variability-luminosity-redshift relation. MNRAS 282:1191–1202. doi:10.1093/mnras/282.4.1191
Coatman L, Hewett PC, Banerji M, Richards GT (2016) C IV emission-line properties and systematic trends in quasar black hole mass estimates. MNRAS 461:647–665. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1360
Coatman L, Hewett PC, Banerji M, Richards GT, Hennawi JF, Prochaska JX (2017) Correcting C IV-based virial black hole masses. MNRAS 465:2120–2142. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2797
Comastri A (2004) Compton-thick AGN: the dark side of the X-ray background. Supermassive Black Holes Distant Universe 308:245. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-2471-9_8
Condon JJ (1992) Radio emission from normal galaxies. Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 30:575–611. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.30.090192.003043
Condon JJ, Kellermann KI, Kimball AE, Ivezić Ž, Perley RA (2013) Active galactic nucleus and starburst radio emission from optically selected quasi-stellar objects. Astrophys J 768:37. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/768/1/37
Conselice CJ, Wilkinson A, Duncan K, Mortlock A (2016) The evolution of galaxy number density at \(z < 8\) and its implications. Astrophys J 830:83. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/830/2/83
Cutri RM, Wright EL, Conrow T et al (2012) Explanatory supplement to the WISE all-sky data release products. Technical report
Czerny B, Nikołajuk M, Piasecki M, Kuraszkiewicz J (2001) Black hole masses from power density spectra: determinations and consequences. MNRAS 325:865–874. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04522.x
D’Abrusco R, Longo G, Walton NA (2009) Quasar candidates selection in the virtual observatory era. MNRAS 396:223–262. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14754.x
Dadina M, Guainazzi M, Cappi M, Bianchi S, Vignali C, Malaguti G, Comastri A (2010) X-ray imaging of the ionisation cones in NGC 5252. Astron Astrophys 516:A9. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913727
Davies RL, Schirmer M, Turner JEH (2015) The ‘Green Bean’ galaxy SDSS J224024.1-092748: unravelling the emission signature of a quasar ionization echo. MNRAS 449:1731–1752. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv3432801d2799
De Breuck C, van Breugel W, Röttgering H, Stern D, Miley G, de Vries W, Stanford SA, Kurk J et al (2001) Spectroscopy of ultra-steep-spectrum radio sources. Astronom J 121:1241–1265. doi:10.1086/319392
De Cicco D, Paolillo M, Covone G, Falocco S, Longo G, Grado A, Limatola L, Botticella MT et al (2015) Variability-selected active galactic nuclei in the VST-SUDARE/VOICE survey of the COSMOS field. Astron Astrophys 574:A112. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424906
de Grijp MHK, Miley GK, Lub J, de Jong T (1985) Infrared Seyferts—a new population of active galaxies? Nature 314:240–242. doi:10.1038/314240a0
de Grijp MHK, Lub J, Miley GK (1987) Warm IRAS sources. I. A. Catalogue of AGN candidates from the point source catalog. Astron Astrophys Suppl 70:95–114
De Marco B, Ponti G, Cappi M, Dadina M, Uttley P, Cackett EM, Fabian AC, Miniutti G et al (2013) Discovery of a relation between black hole mass and soft X-ray time lags in active galactic nuclei. MNRAS 431:2441–2452. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt339
De Marco B, Ponti G, Muñoz-Darias T, Nandra K (2015) Tracing the reverberation lag in the hard state of black hole X-ray binaries. Astrophys J 814:50. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/814/1/50
Del Moro A, Alexander DM, Mullaney JR, Daddi E, Pannella M, Bauer FE, Pope A, Dickinson M et al (2013) GOODS-Herschel: radio-excess signature of hidden AGN activity in distant star-forming galaxies. Astron Astrophys 549:A59. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219880
Del Moro A, Mullaney JR, Alexander DM, Comastri A, Bauer FE, Treister E, Stern D, Civano F et al (2014) NuSTAR J033202–2746.8: direct constraints on the compton reflection in a heavily obscured quasar at \(z \approx 2\). Astrophys J 786:16. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/786/1/16n
Del Moro A, Alexander DM, Bauer FE, Daddi E, Kocevski DD, McIntosh DH, Stanley F, Brandt WN et al (2016) Mid-infrared luminous quasars in the GOODS-Herschel fields: a large population of heavily obscured, Compton-thick quasars at \(z\approx 2\). MNRAS 456:2105–2125. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2748
Delvecchio I, Gruppioni C, Pozzi F, Berta S, Zamorani G, Cimatti A, Lutz D, Scott D et al (2014) Tracing the cosmic growth of supermassive black holes to \(z\sim 3\) with Herschel. MNRAS 439:2736–2754. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu130
Delvecchio I, Smolčić V, Zamorani G, Lagos CDP, Berta S, Delhaize J, Baran N, Rosario DJ et al (2017) The VLA-COSMOS 3 GHz large project: AGN and host-galaxy properties out to \(z\lesssim 6\). Astron Astrophys 602:A3. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629367
de Naurois M, Mazin D (2015) Ground-based detectors in very-high-energy gamma-ray astronomy. CR Phys 16:610–627. doi:10.1016/j.crhy.2015.08.011
Dennett-Thorpe J, Scheuer PAG, Laing RA, Bridle AH, Pooley GG, Reich W (2002) Jet reorientation in active galactic nuclei: two winged radio galaxies. MNRAS 330:609–620. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05106.x
Denney KD (2012) Are outflows biasing single-epoch C IV black hole mass estimates? Astrophys J 759:44. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/759/1/44
Denney KD, Pogge RW, Assef RJ, Kochanek CS, Peterson BM, Vestergaard M (2013) C IV line-width anomalies: the perils of low signal-to-noise spectra. Astrophys J 775:60. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/775/1/60
Deo RP, Richards GT, Crenshaw DM, Kraemer SB (2009) The mid-infrared continua of Seyfert galaxies. Astrophys J 705:14–31. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/705/1/14
Dey A, Soifer BT, Desai V et al (2008) A significant population of very luminous dust-obscured galaxies at redshift \(z \sim 2\). Astrophys J 677:943–956. doi:10.1086/529516
Díaz-Santos T, Assef RJ, Blain AW et al (2016) The strikingly uniform, highly turbulent interstellar medium of the most luminous galaxy in the universe. Astrophys J Lett 816:L6. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/816/1/L6
Di Matteo T, Croft RAC, Feng Y, Waters D, Wilkins S (2017) The origin of the most massive black holes at high-z: BlueTides and the next quasar frontier. MNRAS 467:4243–4251. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx319
DiPompeo MA, Bovy J, Myers AD, Lang D (2015) Quasar probabilities and redshifts from WISE mid-IR through GALEX UV photometry. MNRAS 452:3124–3138. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1562
Done C (2010) Observational characteristics of accretion onto black holes. arXiv:1008.2287
Done C, Gierliński M, Kubota A (2007) Modelling the behaviour of accretion flows in X-ray binaries. Everything you always wanted to know about accretion but were afraid to ask. Astron Astrophys Rev 15:1–66. doi:10.1007/s00159-007-0006-1
Donley JL, Rieke GH, Pérez-González PG, Rigby JR, Alonso-Herrero A (2007) Spitzer power-law active galactic nucleus candidates in the Chandra Deep Field-North. Astrophys J 660:167–190. doi:10.1086/512798
Donley JL, Koekemoer AM, Brusa M, Capak P, Cardamone CN, Civano F, Ilbert O, Impey CD et al (2012) Identifying luminous active galactic nuclei in deep surveys: revised IRAC selection criteria. Astrophys J 748:142. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/748/2/142
D’Onofrio M, Marziani P, Sulentic JW (2012) Fifty years of quasars: from early observations and ideas to future research. Springer, Berlin. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27564-7
Donoso E, Best PN, Kauffmann G (2009) Evolution of the radio-loud galaxy population. MNRAS 392:617–629. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.14068.x
Dovciak M, Matt G, Bianchi S, Boller T, Brenneman L, Bursa M, D’Ai A, di Salvo T et al (2013) The hot and energetic universe: the close environments of supermassive black holes. arXiv:1306.2331
Dubois Y, Peirani S, Pichon C et al (2016) The HORIZON-AGN simulation: morphological diversity of galaxies promoted by AGN feedback. MNRAS 463:3948–3964. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2265
Dullemond CP, van Bemmel IM (2005) Clumpy tori around active galactic nuclei. Astron Astrophys 436:47–56. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041763
Dunlop JS, Peacock JA (1990) The redshift cut-off in the luminosity function of radio galaxies and quasars. MNRAS 247:19–42
Ebeling H, Edge AC, Mantz A, Barrett E, Henry JP, Ma CJ, van Speybroeck L (2010) The X-ray brightest clusters of galaxies from the massive cluster survey. MNRAS 407:83–93. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16920.x
Edelson R, Nandra K (1999) A cutoff in the X-ray fluctuation power density spectrum of the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 3516. Astrophys J 514:682–690. doi:10.1086/306980
Edelson R, Gelbord JM, Horne K, McHardy IM, Peterson BM, Arévalo P, Breeveld AA, De Rosa G et al (2015) Space telescope and optical reverberation mapping project. II. Swift and HST reverberation mapping of the accretion disk of NGC 5548. Astrophys J 806:129. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/806/1/129
Eisenhardt PR, Stern D, Brodwin M et al (2004) The infrared array camera (IRAC) shallow survey. Astrophys J Suppl 154:48–53. doi:10.1086/423180
Eisenhardt PRM, Wu J, Tsai CW et al (2012) The first hyper-luminous infrared galaxy discovered by WISE. Astrophys J 755:173. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/755/2/173
Elitzur M, Netzer H (2016) Disc outflows and high-luminosity true type 2 AGN. MNRAS 459:585–594. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw657
Elitzur M, Shlosman I (2006) The AGN-obscuring torus: the end of the “Doughnut” paradigm? Astrophys J Lett 648:L101–L104. doi:10.1086/508158
Elvis M, Wilkes BJ, McDowell JC, Green RF, Bechtold J, Willner SP, Oey MS, Polomski E et al (1994) Atlas of quasar energy distributions. Astrophys J Suppl 95:1–68. doi:10.1086/192093
Esin AA (1997) Heating and cooling of hot accretion flows by nonlocal radiation. Astrophys J 482:400–413. doi:10.1086/304129
Evans DA, Worrall DM, Hardcastle MJ, Kraft RP, Birkinshaw M (2006) Chandra and XMM-Newton observations of a sample of low-redshift FR I and FR II radio galaxy nuclei. Astrophys J 642:96–112. doi:10.1086/500658
Fabbiano G (2006) Populations of X-ray sources in galaxies. Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 44:323–366. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.44.051905.092519
Fabian AC, Zoghbi A, Ross RR, Uttley P, Gallo LC, Brandt WN, Blustin AJ, Boller T et al (2009) Broad line emission from iron K- and L-shell transitions in the active galaxy 1H0707-495. Nature 459:540–542. doi:10.1038/nature08007
Fanaroff BL, Riley JM (1974) The morphology of extragalactic radio sources of high and low luminosity. MNRAS 167:31P–36P
Fanidakis N, Baugh CM, Benson AJ, Bower RG, Cole S, Done C, Frenk CS (2011) Grand unification of AGN activity in the \(\varLambda \)CDM cosmology. MNRAS 410:53–74. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17427.x
Fazio GG, Hora JL, Allen LE et al (2004) The infrared array camera (IRAC) for the Spitzer space telescope. Astrophys J Suppl 154:10–17. doi:10.1086/422843
Feltre A, Hatziminaoglou E, Fritz J, Franceschini A (2012) Smooth and clumpy dust distributions in AGN: a direct comparison of two commonly explored infrared emission models. MNRAS 426:120–127. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21695.x
Feltre A, Hatziminaoglou E, Hernán-Caballero A et al (2013) The roles of star formation and AGN activity of IRS sources in the HerMES fields. MNRAS 434:2426–2437. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1177
Feltre A, Charlot S, Gutkin J (2016) Nuclear activity versus star formation: emission-line diagnostics at ultraviolet and optical wavelengths. MNRAS 456:3354–3374. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2794
Filho ME, Barthel PD, Ho LC (2006) A radio census of nuclear activity in nearby galaxies. Astron Astrophys 451:71–83. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20054510
Fish V, Akiyama K, Bouman K et al (2016) Observing and imaging active galactic nuclei with the event horizon telescope. Galaxies 4:54. doi:10.3390/galaxies4040054
Flesch EW (2015) The half million quasars (HMQ) catalogue. Publ Astron Soc Aust 32:e010. doi:10.1017/pasa.2015.10
Francis PJ, Hewett PC, Foltz CB, Chaffee FH (1992) An objective classification scheme for QSO spectra. Astrophys J 398:476–490. doi:10.1086/171870
Francis PJ, Nelson BO, Cutri RM (2004) An unbiased census of active galactic nuclei in the two micron all sky survey. Astronom J 127:646–655. doi:10.1086/380939
Fritz J, Franceschini A, Hatziminaoglou E (2006) Revisiting the infrared spectra of active galactic nuclei with a new torus emission model. MNRAS 366:767–786. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.09866.x
Gagne JP, Crenshaw DM, Kraemer SB, Schmitt HR, Keel WC, Rafter S, Fischer TC, Bennert VN et al (2014) Spatially resolved spectra of the “Teacup” active galactic nucleus: tracing the history of a dying quasar. Astrophys J 792:72. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/792/1/72
Gallimore JF, Elitzur M, Maiolino R, O’Dea CP, Lutz D, Baum SA, Nikutta R, Marconi A et al (2016) High-velocity bipolar molecular emission from an AGN torus. Astrophys J Lett 829:L7. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/829/1/L7
Gandhi P, Horst H, Smette A, Hönig S, Comastri A, Gilli R, Vignali C, Duschl W (2009) Resolving the mid-infrared cores of local Seyferts. Astron Astrophys 502:457–472. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811368
Gandhi P, Lansbury GB, Alexander DM, Stern D, Arévalo P, Ballantyne DR, Baloković M, Bauer FE et al (2014) NuSTAR unveils a Compton-thick type 2 quasar in Mrk 34. Astrophys J 792:117. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/792/2/117
García-Burillo S, Combes F, Ramos Almeida C, Usero A, Krips M, Alonso-Herrero A, Aalto S, Casasola V et al (2016) ALMA resolves the torus of NGC 1068: continuum and molecular line emission. Astrophys J Lett 823:L12. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/823/1/L12
Gardner JP, Mather JC, Clampin M et al (2006) The James Webb space telescope. Space Sci Rev 123:485–606. doi:10.1007/s11214-006-8315-7
Gaskell CM (2004) Lognormal X-ray flux variations in an extreme narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy. Astrophys J Lett 612:L21–L24. doi:10.1086/424565
Gendre MA, Best PN, Wall JV, Ker LM (2013) The relation between morphology, accretion modes and environmental factors in local radio AGN. MNRAS 430:3086–3101. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt116
Georgakakis A, Carrera F, Lanzuisi G, Brightman M, Buchner J, Aird J, Page M, Cappi M et al (2013) The hot and energetic universe: understanding the build-up of supermassive black holes and galaxies at the heyday of the universe. arXiv:1306.2328
Georgantopoulos I, Rovilos E, Akylas A, Comastri A, Ranalli P, Vignali C, Balestra I, Gilli R et al (2011) On the \(L_{{\rm x}}\)-\(L_{6\mu {{\rm m}}}\) ratio as a diagnostic for Compton-thick AGN. Astron Astrophys 534:A23. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117400
Georgantopoulos I, Comastri A, Vignali C, Ranalli P, Rovilos E, Iwasawa K, Gilli R, Cappelluti N et al (2013) The XMM deep survey in the CDF-S. IV. Compton-thick AGN candidates. Astron Astrophys 555:A43. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220828
Ghisellini G (2010) The jet/disk connection in blazars. Am Inst Phys Conf Ser 1242:43–54. doi:10.1063/1.3460151
Giacconi R (2009) History of X-ray telescopes and astronomy. Exp Astron 25:143–156. doi:10.1007/s10686-009-9139-8
Gierliński M, Middleton M, Ward M, Done C (2008) A periodicity of \({\sim } 1\) hour in X-ray emission from the active galaxy RE J1034+396. Nature 455:369–371. doi:10.1038/nature07277
Gierliński M, Nikołajuk M, Czerny B (2008) High-frequency X-ray variability as a mass estimator of stellar and supermassive black holes. MNRAS 383:741–749. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12584.x
Gilfanov M, Merloni A (2014) Observational appearance of black holes in X-ray binaries and AGN. Space Sci Rev 183:121–148. doi:10.1007/s11214-014-0071-5
Gilli R, Comastri A, Hasinger G (2007) The synthesis of the cosmic X-ray background in the Chandra and XMM-Newton era. Astron Astrophys 463:79–96. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066334
Giommi P, Padovani P, Polenta G, Turriziani S, D’Elia V, Piranomonte S (2012) A simplified view of blazars: clearing the fog around long-standing selection effects. MNRAS 420:2899–2911. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.20044.x
Giommi P, Padovani P, Polenta G (2013) A simplified view of blazars: the \(\gamma \)-ray case. MNRAS 431:1914–1922. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt305
Giommi P, Padovani P (2015) A simplified view of blazars: contribution to the X-ray and gamma-ray cosmic backgrounds. MNRAS 450:2404. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv793
Glikman E, Helfand DJ, White RL et al (2007) The FIRST-2MASS red quasar survey. Astrophys J 667:673–703. doi:10.1086/521073
Glikman E, Djorgovski SG, Stern D, Dey A, Jannuzi BT, Lee K-S (2011) The faint end of the quasar luminosity function at \(z \sim 4\): implications for ionization of the intergalactic medium and cosmic downsizing. Astrophys J Lett 728:L26. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/728/2/L26
González-Martín O, Vaughan S (2012) X-ray variability of 104 active galactic nuclei. XMM-Newton power-spectrum density profiles. Astron Astrophys 544:A80. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219008
Goosmann RW, Matt G (2011) Spotting the misaligned outflows in NGC 1068 using X-ray polarimetry. MNRAS 415:3119–3128. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18923.x
Gorjian V, Brodwin M, Kochanek CS et al (2008) The mid-infrared properties of X-ray sources. Astrophys J 679:1040–1046. doi:10.1086/587431
Goulding AD, Alexander DM, Bauer FE, Forman WR, Hickox RC, Jones C, Mullaney JR, Trichas M et al (2012) Deep silicate absorption features in Compton-thick active galactic nuclei predominantly arise due to dust in the host galaxy. Astrophys J 755:5. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/755/1/5
Goulding AD, Forman WR, Hickox RC et al (2014) Tracing the evolution of active galactic nuclei host galaxies over the last 9 Gyr of cosmic time. Astrophys J 783:40. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/783/1/40
Greene JE, Ho LC (2007) The mass function of active black holes in the local universe. Astrophys J 667:131–148. doi:10.1086/520497
Gültekin K, Richstone DO, Gebhardt K et al (2009) The M-\(\sigma \) and M-L relations in galactic bulges, and determinations of their intrinsic scatter. Astrophys J 698:198–221. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/698/1/198
Gürkan G, Hardcastle MJ, Jarvis MJ, Smith DJB, Bourne N, Dunne L, Maddox S, Ivison RJ et al (2015) Herschel-ATLAS: the connection between star formation and AGN activity in radio-loud and radio-quiet active galaxies. MNRAS 452:3776–3794. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1502
Hainline KN, Reines AE, Greene JE, Stern D (2016) Mid-infrared colors of dwarf galaxies: young starbursts mimicking active galactic nuclei. Astrophys J 832:119. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/832/2/119
Hamann F, Kanekar N, Prochaska JX, Murphy MT, Ellison S, Malec AL, Milutinovic N, Ubachs W et al (2011) A high-velocity narrow absorption line outflow in the quasar J212329.46\(-\)005052.9. MNRAS 410:1957–1974. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17575.x
Hao L, Spoon HWW, Sloan GC, Marshall JA, Armus L, Tielens AGGM, Sargent B, van Bemmel IM et al (2005) The detection of silicate emission from quasars at 10 and 18 microns. Astrophys J Lett 625:L75–L78. doi:10.1086/431227
Hao H, Elvis M, Civano F et al (2010) Hot-dust-poor type 1 active galactic nuclei in the COSMOS survey. Astrophys J Lett 724:L59–L63. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/724/1/L59
Hao H, Elvis M, Civano F, Lawrence A (2011) Hot-dust-poor quasars in mid-infrared and optically selected samples. Astrophys J 733:108. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/733/2/108
Hardcastle M (2015) Kiloparsec-scale AGN jets. In: Contopoulos I, Gabuzda D, Kylafis N (eds) The formation and disruption of black hole jets, vol 414. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, p 83. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10356-3_4
Hardcastle MJ, Evans DA, Croston JH (2007) Hot and cold gas accretion and feedback in radio-loud active galaxies. MNRAS 376:1849–1856. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11572.x
Hardcastle MJ, Ching JHY, Virdee JS, Jarvis MJ, Croom SM, Sadler EM, Mauch T, Smith DJB et al (2013) Herschel-ATLAS/GAMA: a difference between star formation rates in strong-line and weak-line radio galaxies. MNRAS 429:2407–2424. doi:10.1093/mnras/sts510
Harrison CM (2014) Observational constraints on the influence of active galactic nuclei on the evolution of galaxies. Ph.D. Thesis. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28454-5
Harrison FA, Craig WW, Christensen FE, Hailey CJ, Zhang WW, Boggs SE, Stern D, Cook WR et al (2013) The nuclear spectroscopic telescope array (NuSTAR) high-energy X-ray mission. Astrophys J 770:103. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/770/2/103
Hasinger G (2004) The X-ray background and AGNs. Nucl Phys B Proc Suppl 132:86–96. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2004.04.127
Hatziminaoglou E, Mathez G, Pelló R (2000) Quasar candidate multicolor selection technique: a different approach. Astron Astrophys 359:9–17
Hatziminaoglou E, Pérez-Fournon I, Polletta M et al (2005) Sloan Digital Sky Survey quasars in the Spitzer wide-area infrared extragalactic survey (SWIRE) ELAIS N1 field: properties and spectral energy distributions. Astronom J 129:1198–1211. doi:10.1086/428003
Hatziminaoglou E, Fritz J, Franceschini A, Afonso-Luis A, Hernán-Caballero A, Pérez-Fournon I, Serjeant S, Lonsdale C et al (2008) Properties of dusty tori in active galactic nuclei—I. The case of SWIRE/SDSS quasars. MNRAS 386:1252–1264. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13119.x
Hatziminaoglou E, Fritz J, Jarrett TH (2009) Properties of dusty tori in active galactic nuclei—II. Type 2 AGN. MNRAS 399:1206–1222. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15390.x
Hatziminaoglou E, Omont A, Stevens JA et al (2010) HerMES: far infrared properties of known AGN in the HerMES fields. Astron Astrophys 518:L33. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014679
Hatziminaoglou E, Hernán-Caballero A, Feltre A, Piñol Ferrer N (2015) A complete census of silicate features in the mid-infrared spectra of active galaxies. Astrophys J 803:110. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/803/2/110
Heckman TM (1980) An optical and radio survey of the nuclei of bright galaxies—activity in normal galactic nuclei. Astron Astrophys 87:152–164
Heckman TM, Best PN (2014) The coevolution of galaxies and supermassive black holes: insights from surveys of the contemporary universe. Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 52:589–660. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081913-035722
Heckman TM, Kauffmann G, Brinchmann J, Charlot S, Tremonti C, White SDM (2004) Present-day growth of black holes and bulges: the Sloan Digital Sky Survey perspective. Astrophys J 613:109–118. doi:10.1086/422872
Hernán-Caballero A, Hatziminaoglou E (2011) An atlas of mid-infrared spectra of star-forming and active galaxies. MNRAS 414:500–511. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18413.x
Hernán-Caballero A, Hatziminaoglou E, Alonso-Herrero A, Mateos S (2016) The near-to-mid infrared spectrum of quasars. MNRAS 463:2064–2078. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2107
Hernández-García L, Masegosa J, González-Martín O, Márquez I (2015) X-ray spectral variability of Seyfert 2 galaxies. Astron Astrophys 579:A90. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526127
Herrera Ruiz N, Middelberg E, Norris RP, Maini A (2016) Unveiling the origin of the radio emission in radio-quiet quasars. Astron Astrophys 589:L2. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628302
Hewett PC, Foltz CB (2003) The frequency and radio properties of broad absorption line quasars. Astronom J 125:1784–1794. doi:10.1086/368392
Hewett PC, Wild V (2010) Improved redshifts for SDSS quasar spectra. MNRAS 405:2302–2316. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16648.x
Hickox RC, Jones C, Forman WR, Murray SS, Brodwin M, Brown MJI, Eisenhardt PR, Stern D et al (2007) A large population of mid-infrared-selected, obscured active galaxies in the Bootes field. Astrophys J 671:1365–1387. doi:10.1086/523082
Hickox RC, Jones C, Forman WR, Murray SS, Kochanek CS, Eisenstein D, Jannuzi BT, Dey A et al (2009) Host galaxies, clustering, Eddington ratios, and evolution of radio, X-ray, and infrared-selected AGNs. Astrophys J 696:891–919. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/696/1/891
Hickox RC, Mullaney JR, Alexander DM et al (2014) Black hole variability and the star formation-active galactic nucleus connection: do all star-forming galaxies host an active galactic nucleus? Astrophys J 782:9. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/782/1/9
Hickox RC, Lamassa SM, Silverman JD, Kolodzig A (2016) Host galaxies and large-scale structures of active galactic nuclei. IAU Focus Meet 29:113–123. doi:10.1017/S1743921316004592
Hine RG, Longair MS (1979) Optical spectra of 3CR radio galaxies. MNRAS 188:111–130. doi:10.1093/mnras/188.1.111
Hirschmann M, Dolag K, Saro A et al (2014) Cosmological simulations of black hole growth: AGN luminosities and downsizing. MNRAS 442:2304–2324. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1023
Ho LC (2008) Nuclear activity in nearby galaxies. Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 46:475–539. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.45.051806.110546
Hogg JD, Reynolds CS (2016) Testing the propagating fluctuations model with a long. Global accretion disk simulation. Astrophys J 826:40. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/826/1/40
Hönig SF, Leipski C, Antonucci R, Haas M (2011) Quantifying the anisotropy in the infrared emission of powerful active galactic nuclei. Astrophys J 736:26. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/736/1/26
Hook IM, McMahon RG, Boyle BJ, Irwin MJ (1994) The variability of optically selected quasars. MNRAS 268:305. doi:10.1093/mnras/268.2.305
Hopkins PF, Richards GT, Hernquist L (2007) An observational determination of the bolometric quasar luminosity function. Astrophys J 654:731–753. doi:10.1086/509629
Hopkins PF, Hernquist L, Cox TJ, Kereš D (2008) A cosmological framework for the co-evolution of quasars, supermassive black holes, and elliptical galaxies. I. Galaxy mergers and quasar activity. Astrophys J Suppl 175:356–389. doi:10.1086/524362
Hopkins PF, Wetzel A, Keres D et al (2017) FIRE-2 simulations: physics versus numerics in galaxy formation. MNRAS (submitted). arXiv:1702.06148
Hornschemeier AE, Heckman TM, Ptak AF, Tremonti CA, Colbert EJM (2005) Chandra-SDSS normal and star-forming galaxies. I. X-ray source properties of galaxies detected by the Chandra X-ray observatory in SDSS DR2. Astronom J 129:86–103
Houck JR, Roellig TL, van Cleve J et al (2004) The infrared spectrograph (IRS) on the Spitzer space telescope. Astrophys J Suppl 154:18–24. doi:10.1086/423134
Hsu L-T, Salvato M, Nandra K, Brusa M, Bender R, Buchner J, Donley JL, Kocevski DD et al (2014) CANDELS/GOODS-S, CDFS, and ECDFS: photometric redshifts for normal and X-ray-detected galaxies. Astrophys J 796:60. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/796/1/60
Hubeny I, Blaes O, Krolik JH, Agol E (2001) Non-LTE models and theoretical spectra of accretion disks in active galactic nuclei. IV. Effects of Compton scattering and metal opacities. Astrophys J 559:680–702. doi:10.1086/322344
Ilbert O, Capak P, Salvato M, Aussel H, McCracken HJ, Sanders DB, Scoville N, Kartaltepe J et al (2009) Cosmos photometric redshifts with 30-bands for 2-deg\(^2\). Astrophys J 690:1236–1249. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/690/2/1236
Ilbert O, Salvato M, Le Floc’h E, Aussel H, Capak P, McCracken HJ, Mobasher B, Kartaltepe J et al (2010) Galaxy stellar mass assembly between \(0.2< z< 2\) from the S-COSMOS survey. Astrophys J 709:644–663. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/709/2/644
Imanishi M, Nakanishi K, Izumi T (2016) ALMA 0.1-0.2 arcsec resolution imaging of the NGC (1068) nucleus: compact dense molecular gas emission at the putative AGN location. Astrophys J Lett 822:L10. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/822/1/L10
Ingram A, van der Klis M (2013) An exact analytic treatment of propagating mass accretion rate fluctuations in X-ray binaries. MNRAS 434:1476–1485. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1107
Ivezić Ž, Menou K, Knapp GR, Strauss MA, Lupton RH, Vanden Berk DE, Richards GT, Tremonti C et al (2002) Optical and radio properties of extragalactic sources observed by the FIRST survey and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Astronom J 124:2364–2400. doi:10.1086/344069
Jansen F, Lumb D, Altieri B, Clavel J, Ehle M, Erd C, Gabriel C, Guainazzi M et al (2001) XMM-Newton observatory. I. The spacecraft and operations. Astron Astrophys 365:L1–L6. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000036
Jarrett TH, Cohen M, Masci F et al (2011) The Spitzer-WISE survey of the ecliptic poles. Astrophys J 735:112. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/735/2/112
Jiang L, Fan X, Brandt WN et al (2010) Dust-free quasars in the early Universe. Nature 464:380–383. doi:10.1038/nature08877
Johnson MD, Fish VL, Doeleman SS et al (2015) Resolved magnetic-field structure and variability near the event horizon of Sagittarius A*. Science 350:1242–1245. doi:10.1126/science.aac7087
Jones SF, Blain AW, Stern D et al (2014) Submillimetre observations of WISE-selected high-redshift, luminous, dusty galaxies. MNRAS 443:146–157. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1157
Jones ML, Hickox RC, Black CS et al (2016) The intrinsic Eddington ratio distribution of active galactic nuclei in star-forming galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Astrophys J 826:12. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/826/1/12
Jud H, Schartmann M, Mould J, Burtscher L, Tristram KRW (2017) Radiative transfer modelling of parsec-scale dusty warped discs. MNRAS 465:248–259. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2755
Jun HD, Im M (2013) Physical properties of luminous dust-poor quasars. Astrophys J 779:104. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/779/2/104
Kara E, Alston WN, Fabian AC, Cackett EM, Uttley P, Reynolds CS, Zoghbi A (2016) A global look at X-ray time lags in Seyfert galaxies. MNRAS 462:511–531. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1695
Kauffmann G, Heckman TM, Tremonti C, Brinchmann J, Charlot S, White SDM, Ridgway SE, Brinkmann J et al (2003) The host galaxies of active galactic nuclei. MNRAS 346:1055–1077. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2003.07154.x
Kauffmann G, Heckman TM, White SDM, Charlot S, Tremonti C, Brinchmann J, Bruzual G, Peng EW et al (2003) Stellar masses and star formation histories for \(10^5\) galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. MNRAS 341:33–53. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06291.x
Keel WC, Lintott CJ, Schawinski K, Bennert VN, Thomas D, Manning A, Chojnowski SD, van Arkel H et al (2012) The history and environment of a faded quasar: hubble space telescope observations of Hanny’s Voorwerp and IC 2497. Astronom J 144:66. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/144/2/66
Kellermann KI (2015) The road to quasars. IAU Symp 313:190–195. doi:10.1017/S1743921315002185
Kellermann KI, Sramek R, Schmidt M, Shaffer DB, Green R (1989) VLA observations of objects in the Palomar bright quasar survey. Astronom J 98:1195–1207. doi:10.1086/115207
Kelly BC, Bechtold J, Siemiginowska A (2009) Are the variations in quasar optical flux driven by thermal fluctuations? Astrophys J 698:895–910. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/698/1/895
Kelly BC, Becker AC, Sobolewska M, Siemiginowska A, Uttley P (2014) Flexible and scalable methods for quantifying stochastic variability in the era of massive time-domain astronomical data sets. Astrophys J 788:33. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/788/1/33
Kewley LJ, Dopita MA, Sutherland RS, Heisler CA, Trevena J (2001) Theoretical modeling of starburst galaxies. Astrophys J 556:121–140. doi:10.1086/321545
Kewley LJ, Groves B, Kauffmann G, Heckman T (2006) The host galaxies and classification of active galactic nuclei. MNRAS 372:961–976. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10859.x
Kimball AE, Ivezić Ž (2008) A unified catalog of radio objects detected by NVSS, first, WENSS, GB6, and SDSS. Astronom J 136:684–712. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/2/684
Kimball AE, Kellermann KI, Condon JJ, Ivezić Ž, Perley RA (2011) The two-component radio luminosity function of quasi-stellar objects: star formation and active galactic nucleus. Astrophys J Lett 739:L29. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/739/1/L29
Kirkpatrick A, Pope A, Alexander DM et al (2012) GOODS-Herschel: impact of active galactic nuclei and star formation activity on infrared spectral energy distributions at high redshift. Astrophys J 759:139. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/759/2/139
Koenig XP, Leisawitz DT, Benford DJ, Rebull LM, Padgett DL, Assef RJ (2012) Wide-field infrared survey explorer observations of the evolution of massive star-forming regions. Astrophys J 744:130. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/744/2/130
Körding EG, Migliari S, Fender R, Belloni T, Knigge C, McHardy I (2007) The variability plane of accreting compact objects. MNRAS 380:301–310. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12067.x
Koss MJ, Assef R, Baloković M, Stern D, Gandhi P, Lamperti I, Alexander DM, Ballantyne DR et al (2016) A new population of Compton-thick AGNs identified using the spectral curvature above 10 keV. Astrophys J 825:85. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/825/2/85
Kotov O, Churazov E, Gilfanov M (2001) On the X-ray time-lags in the black hole candidates. MNRAS 327:799–807. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04769.x
Kouzuma S, Yamaoka H (2010) Near-infrared colours of active galactic nuclei. Astron Astrophys 509:A64. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912863
Kozłowski S, Kochanek CS, Ashby MLN, Assef RJ, Brodwin M, Eisenhardt PR, Jannuzi BT, Stern D et al (2016) Quasar variability in the mid-infrared. Astrophys J 817:119. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/817/2/119
Krolik JH, Begelman MC (1988) Molecular tori in Seyfert galaxies—feeding the monster and hiding it. Astrophys J 329:702–711. doi:10.1086/166414
Kühr H, Witzel A, Pauliny-Toth IIK, Nauber U (1981) A catalogue of extragalactic radio sources having flux densities greater than 1 Jy at 5 GHz. Astron Astrophys Suppl 45:367–430
Lacy M, Storrie-Lombardi LJ, Sajina A, Appleton PN, Armus L, Chapman SC, Choi PI, Fadda D et al (2004) Obscured and unobscured active galactic nuclei in the Spitzer space telescope first look survey. Astrophys J Suppl 154:166–169. doi:10.1086/422816
Lacy M, Petric AO, Sajina A et al (2007) Optical spectroscopy and X-ray detections of a sample of quasars and active galactic nuclei selected in the mid-infrared from two Spitzer space telescope wide-area surveys. Astronom J 133:186–205. doi:10.1086/509617
Lacy M, Ridgway SE, Gates EL et al (2013) The Spitzer mid-infrared active galactic nucleus survey. I. Optical and near-infrared spectroscopy of obscured candidates and normal active galactic nuclei selected in the mid-infrared. Astrophys J Suppl 208:24. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/208/2/24
La Franca F, Fiore F, Comastri A, Perola GC, Sacchi N, Brusa M, Cocchia F, Feruglio C et al (2005) The HELLAS2XMM survey. VII. The hard X-ray luminosity function of AGNs up to \(z = 4\): more absorbed AGNs at low luminosities and high redshifts. Astrophys J 635:864–879. doi:10.1086/497586
Laigle C, McCracken HJ, Ilbert O, Hsieh BC, Davidzon I, Capak P, Hasinger G, Silverman JD et al (2016) The COSMOS2015 catalog: exploring the \(1< z<6\) universe with half a million galaxies. Astrophys J Suppl 224:24. doi:10.3847/0067-0049/224/2/24
Laing RA, Riley JM, Longair MS (1983) Bright radio sources at 178 MHz—flux densities, optical identifications and the cosmological evolution of powerful radio galaxies. MNRAS 204:151–187. doi:10.1093/mnras/204.1.151
Laing RA, Jenkins CR, Wall JV, Unger SW (1994) Spectrophotometry of a complete Sample of 3CR radio sources: implications for unified models. Phys Act Galaxies 54:201
LaMassa SM, Urry CM, Cappelluti N, Böhringer H, Comastri A, Glikman E, Richards G, Ananna T et al (2016) The 31 deg\(^2\) release of the stripe 82 X-ray survey: the point source catalog. Astrophys J 817:172. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/817/2/172
Lanzuisi G, Ponti G, Salvato M, Hasinger G, Cappelluti N, Bongiorno A, Brusa M, Lusso E et al (2014) Active galactic nucleus X-ray variability in the XMM-COSMOS survey. Astrophys J 781:105. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/781/2/105
Laor A, Davis SW (2014) Line-driven winds and the UV turnover in AGN accretion discs. MNRAS 438:3024–3038. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt2408
Laor A, Netzer H (1989) Massive thin accretion discs. I-Calculated spectra. MNRAS 238:897–916. doi:10.1093/mnras/238.3.897
Lawrence A (1991) The relative frequency of broad-lined and narrow-lined active galactic nuclei—implications for unified schemes. MNRAS 252:586–592. doi:10.1093/mnras/252.4.586
Lawrence A, Elvis M (2010) Misaligned disks as obscurers in active galaxies. Astrophys J 714:561–570. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/714/1/561
Lawrence A, Watson MG, Pounds KA, Elvis M (1987) Low-frequency divergent X-ray variability in the Seyfert galaxy NGC4051. Nature 325:694–696. doi:10.1038/325694a0
Ledlow MJ, Owen FN (1996) 20 CM VLA survey of Abell clusters of galaxies. VI. Radio/optical luminosity functions. Astron J 112:9. doi:10.1086/117985
Leech KJ, Penston MV, Terlevich R et al (1989) High-luminosity IRAS galaxies. II—Optical spectroscopy, modelling of starburst regions and comparison with structure. MNRAS 240:349–372. doi:10.1093/mnras/240.2.349
Lehmer BD, Alexander DM, Bauer FE, Brandt WN, Goulding AD, Jenkins LP, Ptak A, Roberts TP et al (2010) A Chandra perspective on galaxy-wide X-ray binary emission and its correlation with star formation rate and stellar mass: new results from luminous infrared galaxies. Astrophys J 724:559–571. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/724/1/559
Lehmer BD, Xue YQ, Brandt WN, Alexander DM, Bauer FE, Brusa M, Comastri A, Gilli R et al (2012) The 4 Ms Chandra deep field-south number counts apportioned by source class: pervasive active galactic nuclei and the ascent of normal galaxies. Astrophys J 752:46. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/752/1/46
Lehto HJ (1989) A model for 1/f-type variability in active galactic nuclei. Two topics in X-ray astronomy, volume 1: X ray binaries. Volume 2: AGN and the X ray. Background 296:499–503
Leighly KM (2004) Hubble space telescope STIS ultraviolet spectral evidence of outflow in extreme narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies. II. Modeling and interpretation. Astrophys J 611:125–152. doi:10.1086/422089
Collaboration LHAASO (2016) Gamma ray astronomy with LHAASO. J Phys Conf Ser 718:052043. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/718/5/052043
Lichti GG, Bottacini E, Ajello M, Charlot P, Collmar W, Falcone A, Horan D, Huber S et al (2008) INTEGRAL observations of the blazar Mrk 421 in outburst. Results of a multi-wavelength campaign. Astron Astrophys 486:721–734. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20079199
Longair MS (1966) On the interpretation of radio source counts. MNRAS 133:421–436. doi:10.1093/mnras/133.4.421
López-Gonzaga N, Asmus D, Bauer FE, Tristram KRW, Burtscher L, Marinucci A, Matt G, Harrison FA et al (2017) NGC 1068: No change in the mid-IR torus structure despite X-ray variability. Astron Astrophys Astron Astrophys 602:A78. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629600
LSST Science Collaboration, Abell PA, Allison J, Anderson SF, Andrew JR, Angel JRP, Armus L, Arnett D et al (2009) LSST science book, version 2.0. arXiv:0912.0201
Luo B, Brandt WN, Alexander DM, Stern D, Teng SH, Arévalo P, Bauer FE, Boggs SE et al (2014) Weak hard X-ray emission from broad absorption line quasars: evidence for intrinsic X-ray weakness. Astrophys J 794:70. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/794/1/70
Luo B, Brandt WN, Xue YQ, Lehmer B, Alexander DM, Bauer FE, Vito F, Yang G et al (2017) The Chandra deep field-south survey: 7 Ms source catalogs. Astrophys J Suppl 228:2. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/228/1/2
Lusso E, Risaliti G (2016) The tight relation between X-ray and ultraviolet luminosity of quasars. Astrophys J 819:154. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/154
Lyu J, Rieke GH, Shi Y (2017) Dust-deficient Palomar-green quasars and the diversity of AGN intrinsic IR emission. Astrophys J 835:257. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/835/2/257
Lyubarskii YE (1997) Flicker noise in accretion disks. MNRAS 292:679. doi:10.1093/mnras/292.3.679
MacLeod CL, Ivezić Ž, Kochanek CS, Kozłowski S, Kelly B, Bullock E, Kimball A, Sesar B et al (2010) Modeling the time variability of SDSS stripe 82 quasars as a damped random walk. Astrophys J 721:1014–1033. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/721/2/1014
MacLeod CL, Ross NP, Lawrence A, Goad M, Horne K, Burgett W, Chambers KC, Flewelling H et al (2016) A systematic search for changing-look quasars in SDSS. MNRAS 457:389–404. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2997
Magnelli B, Lutz D, Santini P et al (2012) A Herschel view of the far-infrared properties of submillimetre galaxies. Astron Astrophys 539:A155. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118312
Magorrian J, Tremaine S, Richstone D et al (1998) The demography of massive dark objects in galaxy centers. Astronom J 115:2285–2305. doi:10.1086/300353
Maini A, Prandoni I, Norris RP, Giovannini G, Spitler LR (2016) Compact radio cores in radio-quiet active galactic nuclei. Astron Astrophys 589:L3. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628305
Malizia A, Bassani L, Bazzano A, Bird AJ, Masetti N, Panessa F, Stephen JB, Ubertini P et al (2012) The INTEGRAL/IBIS AGN catalogue—I. X-ray absorption properties versus optical classification. MNRAS 426:1750–1766. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21755.x
Malzac J (2014) The spectral energy distribution of compact jets powered by internal shocks. MNRAS 443:299–317. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1144
Manners J, Almaini O, Lawrence A (2002) The X-ray variability of high-redshift QSOs. MNRAS 330:390–398. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05065.x
Mannheim K (1993) The proton blazar. Astron Astrophys 269:67
Maoz D, Nagar NM, Falcke H, Wilson AS (2005) The murmur of the sleeping black hole: detection of nuclear ultraviolet variability in LINER galaxies. Astrophys J 625:699–715. doi:10.1086/429795
Maraschi L, Ghisellini G, Celotti A (1992) A jet model for the gamma-ray emitting blazar 3C 279. Astrophys J Lett 397:L5. doi:10.1086/186531
Marchesi S, Civano F, Elvis M, Salvato M, Brusa M, Comastri A, Gilli R, Hasinger G et al (2016) The Chandra COSMOS legacy survey: optical/IR identifications. Astrophys J 817:34. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/817/1/34
Marconi A, Hunt LK (2003) The relation between black hole mass, bulge mass, and near-infrared luminosity. Astrophys J Lett 589:L21–L24. doi:10.1086/375804
Marscher AP, Gear WK (1985) Models for high-frequency radio outbursts in extragalactic sources, with application to the early 1983 millimeter-to-infrared flare of 3C 273. Astrophys J 298:114–127. doi:10.1086/163592
Marshall N, Warwick RS, Pounds KA (1981) The variability of X-ray emission from active galaxies. MNRAS 194:987–1002. doi:10.1093/mnras/194.4.987
Mateos S, Alonso-Herrero A, Carrera FJ et al (2012) Using the bright ultrahard XMM-Newton survey to define an IR selection of luminous AGN based on WISE colours. MNRAS 426:3271–3281. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21843.x
Mateos S, Carrera FJ, Alonso-Herrero A et al (2016) X-ray absorption, nuclear infrared emission, and dust covering factors of AGNs: testing unification schemes. Astrophys J 819:166. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/166
Matt G, Guainazzi M, Maiolino R (2003) Changing look: from Compton-thick to Compton-thin, or the rebirth of fossil active galactic nuclei. MNRAS 342:422–426. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06539.x
Max-Moerbeck W, Hovatta T, Richards JL, King OG, Pearson TJ, Readhead ACS et al (2014) Time correlation between the radio and gamma-ray activity in blazars and the production site of the gamma-ray emission. MNRAS 445:428–436. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1749
McAlpine S, Bower RG, Harrison CM et al (2017) The link between galaxy and black hole growth in the eagle simulation. MNRAS 468:3395–3407. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx658
McGreer ID, Jiang L, Fan X, Richards GT, Strauss MA, Ross NP, White M, Shen Y et al (2013) The \(z = 5\) quasar luminosity function from SDSS Stripe 82. Astrophys J 768:105. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/768/2/105
McHardy IM, Papadakis IE, Uttley P, Page MJ, Mason KO (2004) Combined long and short time-scale X-ray variability of NGC 4051 with RXTE and XMM-Newton. MNRAS 348:783–801. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07376.x
McHardy IM, Koerding E, Knigge C, Uttley P, Fender RP (2006) Active galactic nuclei as scaled-up galactic black holes. Nature 444:730–732. doi:10.1038/nature05389
McHardy IM, Arévalo P, Uttley P, Papadakis IE, Summons DP, Brinkmann W, Page MJ (2007) Discovery of multiple Lorentzian components in the X-ray timing properties of the narrow line Seyfert 1 Ark 564. MNRAS 382:985–994. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12411.x
McHardy IM, Cameron DT, Dwelly T, Connolly S, Lira P, Emmanoulopoulos D, Gelbord J, Breedt E et al (2014) Swift monitoring of NGC 5548: X-ray reprocessing and short-term UV/optical variability. MNRAS 444:1469–1474. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1636
Meier DL (2002) Grand unification of AGN and the accretion and spin paradigms. New Astron Rev 46:247–255. doi:10.1016/S1387-6473(01)00189-0
Mejia-Restrepo JE, Trakhtenbrot B, Lira P, Netzer H, Capellupo DM (2016) Active galactic nuclei at \(z\sim 1.5\)—II. Black hole mass estimation by means of broad emission lines. MNRAS 460:187–211. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw568
Melbourne J, Soifer BT, Desai V et al (2012) The spectral energy distributions and infrared luminosities of \(z \sim 2\) dust-obscured galaxies from Herschel and Spitzer. Astron J 143:125. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/143/5/125
Mendez AJ, Coil AL, Aird J et al (2013) PRIMUS: infrared and X-ray AGN selection techniques at \(0.2<z< 1.2\). Astrophys J 770:40. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/770/1/40
Merloni A (2016) Observing supermassive black holes across cosmic time: from phenomenology to physics. In: Lecture notes in physics, vol 905. Springer, Berlin, p 101. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19416-5_4
Merloni A, Heinz S (2013) Evolution of active galactic nuclei. Planets, stars and stellar systems. Volume 6: Extragalactic astronomy and cosmology 6:503–566. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5609-0_11
Merloni A, Predehl P, Becker W, Böhringer H, Boller T, Brunner H, Brusa M, Dennerl K et al (2012) eROSITA science book: mapping the structure of the energetic universe. arXiv:1209.3114
Merloni A, Bongiorno A, Brusa M, Iwasawa K, Mainieri V, Magnelli B, Salvato M, Berta S et al (2014) The incidence of obscuration in active galactic nuclei. MNRAS 437:3550–3567. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt2149
Messias H, Afonso J, Salvato M, Mobasher B, Hopkins AM (2012) A new infrared color criterion for the selection of \(0 <z<7\) AGNs: application to deep fields and implications for JWST surveys. Astrophys J 754:120. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/754/2/120
Miley G (1980) Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 18:165. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.18.090180.001121
Miller L, Peacock JA, Mead ARG (1990) The bimodal radio luminosity function of quasars. MNRAS 244:207–213
Mineo S, Gilfanov M, Sunyaev R (2012a) X-ray emission from star-forming galaxies—I. High-mass X-ray binaries. MNRAS 419:2095–2115. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19862.x
Mineo S, Gilfanov M, Sunyaev R (2012) X-ray emission from star-forming galaxies—II. Hot interstellar medium. MNRAS 426:1870–1883. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21831.x
Mingo B, Hardcastle MJ, Croston JH, Dicken D, Evans DA, Morganti R, Tadhunter C (2014) An X-ray survey of the 2 Jy sample—I. Is there an accretion mode dichotomy in radio-loud AGN? MNRAS 440:269–297. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu263
Miyaji T, Hasinger G, Salvato M, Brusa M, Cappelluti N, Civano F, Puccetti S, Elvis M et al (2015) Detailed shape and evolutionary behavior of the X-ray luminosity function of active galactic nuclei. Astrophys J 804:104. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/804/2/104
Miyamoto S, Kitamoto S, Mitsuda K, Dotani T (1988) Delayed hard X-rays from Cygnus X-1. Nature 336:450–452. doi:10.1038/336450a0
Moles M et al (2008) The Alhambra survey: a large area multimedium-band optical and near-infrared photometric survey. Astronom J 136:1325–1339. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/3/1325
Mor R, Trakhtenbrot B (2011) Hot-dust clouds with pure-graphite composition around type-I active galactic nuclei. Astrophys J Lett 737:L36. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/737/2/L36
Morganson E, Burgett WS, Chambers KC, Green PJ, Kaiser N, Magnier EA, Marshall PJ, Morgan JS et al (2014) Measuring quasar variability with pan-STARRS1 and SDSS. Astrophys J 784:92. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/784/2/92
Morić I, Smolčić V, Kimball A, Riechers DA, Ivezić Ž, Scoville N (2010) A closer view of the radio-FIR correlation: disentangling the contributions of star formation and active galactic nucleus activity. Astrophys J 724:779–790. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/724/1/779
Mortlock DJ, Warren SJ, Venemans BP, Patel M, Hewett PC, McMahon RG, Simpson C, Theuns T et al (2011) A luminous quasar at a redshift of \(z = 7.085.\) Nature 474:616–619. doi:10.1038/nature10159
Müller-Sánchez F, Prieto MA, Mezcua M et al (2013) The central molecular gas structure in LINERs with low-luminosity active galactic nuclei: evidence for gradual disappearance of the torus. Astrophys J Lett 763:L1. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/763/1/L1
Murakami H, Baba H, Barthel P et al (2007) The infrared astronomical mission AKARI. Publ Astron Soc Jpn 59:S369. doi:10.1093/pasj/59.sp2.S369
Murray SS, Kenter A, Forman WR et al (2005) XBootes: an X-ray survey of the NDWFS Bootes field. I. Overview and initial results. Astrophys J Suppl 161:1–8. doi:10.1086/444378
Mushotzky RF, Done C, Pounds KA (1993) X-ray spectra and time variability of active galactic nuclei. Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 31:717–761. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.31.090193.003441
Mushotzky RF, Edelson R, Baumgartner W, Gandhi P (2011) Kepler observations of rapid optical variability in active galactic nuclei. Astrophys J Lett 743:L12. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/743/1/L12
Nagar NM, Falcke H, Wilson AS (2005) Radio sources in low-luminosity active galactic nuclei. IV. Radio luminosity function, importance of jet power, and radio properties of the complete Palomar sample. Astron Astrophys 435:521–543. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042277
Nakagawa T, Shibai H, Onaka T, Matsuhara H, Kaneda H, Kawakatsu Y (2015) The next-generation infrared astronomy mission SPICA under the new framework. Publ Korean Astron Soc 30:621–624. doi:10.5303/PKAS.2015.30.2.621
Namekata D, Umemura M (2016) Sub-parsec-scale dynamics of a dusty gas disc exposed to anisotropic AGN radiation with frequency-dependent radiative transfer. MNRAS 460:980–1018. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw862
Nandra K, George IM, Mushotzky RF, Turner TJ, Yaqoob T (1997) ASCA observations of Seyfert 1 galaxies. I. Data analysis, imaging, and timing. Astrophys J 476:70–82
Nandra K, Barret D, Barcons X, Fabian A, den Herder J-W, Piro L, Watson M, Adami C et al (2013) The hot and energetic universe: a white paper presenting the science theme motivating the Athena+ mission. arXiv:1306.2307
Narayan R, Yi I (1994) Advection-dominated accretion: a self-similar solution. Astrophys J Lett 428:L13–L16. doi:10.1086/187381
Narayan R, Mahadevan R, Grindlay JE, Popham RG, Gammie C (1998) Advection-dominated accretion model of Sagittarius A*: evidence for a black hole at the Galactic center. Astrophys J 492:554–568. doi:10.1086/305070
Narayan R, McClintock JE, Tchekhovskoy A (2014) Energy extraction from spinning black holes via relativistic jets, p 523. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-06349-2_25
Nardini E, Risaliti G, Salvati M et al (2008) Spectral decomposition of starbursts and active galactic nuclei in 5–8 \(\mu \)m Spitzer-IRS spectra of local ultraluminous infrared galaxies. MNRAS 385:L130–L134. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2008.00450.x
Nenkova M, Ivezić Ž, Elitzur M (2002) Dust emission from active galactic nuclei. Astrophys J Lett 570:L9–L12. doi:10.1086/340857
Nenkova M, Sirocky MM, Nikutta R, Ivezić Ž, Elitzur M (2008) AGN dusty tori. II. Observational implications of clumpiness. Astrophys J 685:160–180. doi:10.1086/590483
Netzer H (2015) Revisiting the unified model of active galactic nuclei. Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 53:365–408. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-082214-122302
Netzer H, Trakhtenbrot B (2014) Bolometric luminosity black hole growth time and slim accretion discs in active galactic nuclei. MNRAS 438:672–679. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt2238
Nikolajuk M, Papadakis IE, Czerny B (2004) Black hole mass estimation from X-ray variability measurements in active galactic nuclei. MNRAS 350:L26–L30. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07829.x
Nikołajuk M, Czerny B, Ziółkowski J, Gierliński M (2006) Consistency of the black hole mass determination in AGN from the reverberation and the X-ray excess variance method. MNRAS 370:1534–1540. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10576.x
Nikutta R, Elitzur M, Lacy M (2009) On the 10 \(\mu \)m silicate feature in active galactic nuclei. Astrophys J 707:1550–1559. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/707/2/1550
Norris RP, Hopkins AM, Afonso J, Brown S, Condon JJ, Dunne L, Feain I, Hollow R et al (2011) EMU: evolutionary map of the universe. Publ Astron Soc Aust 28:215–248. doi:10.1071/AS11021
Norris RP, Afonso J, Bacon D, Beck R, Bell M, Beswick RJ, Best P, Bhatnagar S et al (2013) Radio continuum surveys with square kilometre array pathfinders. Publ Astron Soc Aust 30:e020. doi:10.1017/pas.2012.020
Novak GS, Ostriker JP, Ciotti L (2011) Feedback from central black holes in elliptical galaxies: two-dimensional models compared to one-dimensional models. Astrophys J 737:26. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/737/1/26
Nowak MA, Wilms J, Vaughan BA, Dove JB, Begelman MC (1999) Rossi X-ray timing explorer observation of Cygnus X-1. III. Implications for Compton corona and advection-dominated accretion flow models. Astrophys J 515:726–737. doi:10.1086/307039
O’Dea CP (1998) The compact steep-spectrum and gigahertz peaked-spectrum radio sources. Publ Astron Soc Pac 110:493–532. doi:10.1086/316162
O’Dea CP, Baum SA, Stanghellini C (1991) What are the gigahertz peaked-spectrum radio sources? Astrophys J 380:66–77. doi:10.1086/170562
O’Neill PM, Nandra K, Papadakis IE, Turner TJ (2005) The relationship between X-ray variability amplitude and black hole mass in active galactic nuclei. MNRAS 358:1405–1416. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08860.x
Orr MJL, Browne IWA (1982) Relativistic beaming and quasar statistics. MNRAS 200:1067–1080. doi:10.1093/mnras/200.4.1067
Osterbrock DE (1981) Seyfert galaxies with weak broad H alpha emission lines. Astrophys J 249:462–470. doi:10.1086/159306
Osterbrock DE, Pogge RW (1985) The spectra of narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies. Astrophys J 297:166–176. doi:10.1086/163513
Owen FN, Burns JO, Rudnick L (1978) VLA observations of NGC 1265 at 4886 MHz. Astrophys J Lett 226:L119–L123. doi:10.1086/182845
Oyabu S, Ishihara D, Malkan M et al (2011) AKARI detections of hot dust in luminous infrared galaxies. Search for dusty active galactic nuclei. Astron Astrophys 529:A122. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014221
Padovani P (2011) The microjansky and nanojansky radio sky: source population and multiwavelength properties. MNRAS 411:1547–1561. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17789.x
Padovani P (2016) The faint radio sky: radio astronomy becomes mainstream. Astron Astrophys Rev 24:13. doi:10.1007/s00159-016-0098-6
Padovani P (2017) On the two main classes of active galactic nuclei. Nat Astron 1:0194. doi:10.1038/s41550-017-0194
Padovani P, Giommi P (1995) The connection between x-ray- and radio-selected BL Lacertae objects. Astrophys J 444:567–581. doi:10.1086/175631
Padovani P, Giommi P (2015) A simplified view of blazars: the very high energy \(\gamma \)-ray vision. MNRAS 446:L41–L45. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slu164
Padovani P, Miller N, Kellermann KI, Mainieri V, Rosati P, Tozzi P (2011) The VLA survey of Chandra Deep Field South. V. Evolution and luminosity functions of sub-millijansky radio sources and the issue of radio emission in radio-quiet active galactic nuclei. Astrophys J 740:20. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/740/1/20
Padovani P, Bonzini M, Kellermann KI, Miller N, Mainieri V, Tozzi P (2015) Radio-faint AGN: a tale of two populations. MNRAS 452:1263–1279. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1375
Padovani P, Resconi E, Giommi P, Arsioli B, Chang YL (2016) Extreme blazars as counterparts of IceCube astrophysical neutrinos. MNRAS 457:3582–3592. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw228
Page MJ, Simpson C, Mortlock DJ, Warren SJ, Hewett PC, Venemans BP, McMahon RG (2014) X-rays from the redshift 7.1 quasar ULAS J1120+0641. MNRAS 440:L91–L95. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slu022
Panessa F, Bassani L (2002) Unabsorbed Seyfert 2 galaxies. Astron Astrophys 394:435–442. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021161
Paolillo M, Schreier EJ, Giacconi R, Koekemoer AM, Grogin NA (2004) Prevalence of X-ray variability in the Chandra Deep Field-South. Astrophys J 611:93–106. doi:10.1086/421967
Paolillo M, Papadakis I, Brandt WN, Luo B, Xue YQ, Tozzi P, Shemmer O, Allevato V, et al (2017) Tracing the accretion history of supermassive Black Holes through X-ray variability: results from the Chandra Deep Field-South. MNRAS, in press. arXiv:1707.05332
Papadakis IE (2004) The scaling of the X-ray variability with black hole mass in active galactic nuclei. MNRAS 348:207–213. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07351.x
Pâris I, Petitjean P, Ross NP, Myers AD, Aubourg É, Streblyanska A, Bailey S, Armengaud É et al (2017) The sloan digital sky survey quasar catalog: twelfth data release. Astron Astrophys 597:A79. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527999
Peacock JA, Gull SF (1981) Multifrequency models for the cosmological evolution of extragalactic radio sources. MNRAS 196:611–633. doi:10.1093/mnras/196.3.611
Peacock JA, Miller L, Longair MS (1986) The statistics of radio emission from quasars. MNRAS 218:265–278. doi:10.1093/mnras/218.2.265
Perley RA, Willis AG, Scott JS (1979) The structure of the radio jets in 3C449. Nature 281:437–442. doi:10.1038/281437a0
Perlman ES, Mason RE, Packham C et al (2007) The mid-infrared emission of M87. Astrophys J 663:808–815. doi:10.1086/518781
Peterson BM (1993) Reverberation mapping of active galactic nuclei. Publ Astron Soc Pac 105:247–268. doi:10.1086/133140
Peterson BM, Ferrarese L, Gilbert KM, Kaspi S, Malkan MA, Maoz D, Merritt D, Netzer H et al (2004) Central masses and broad-line region sizes of active galactic nuclei. II. A homogeneous analysis of a large reverberation-mapping database. Astrophys J 613:682–699. doi:10.1086/423269
Piccinotti G, Mushotzky RF, Boldt EA, Holt SS, Marshall FE, Serlemitsos PJ, Shafer RA (1982) A complete X-ray sample of the high-latitude/absolute value of B greater than 20 deg/sky from HEAO 1 A-2 \(-\) Log N-log S and luminosity functions. Astrophys J 253:485–503. doi:10.1086/159651
Pier EA, Krolik JH (1992) Infrared spectra of obscuring dust tori around active galactic nuclei. I-Calculational method and basic trends. Astrophys J 401:99–109. doi:10.1086/172042
Pittori C, Verrecchia F, Chen AW et al (2009) First AGILE catalog of high-confidence gamma-ray sources. Astron Astrophys 506:1563–1574. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200911783
Ponti G, Papadakis I, Bianchi S, Guainazzi M, Matt G, Uttley P, Bonilla NF (2012) CAIXA: a catalogue of AGN in the XMM-Newton archive. III. Excess variance analysis. Astron Astrophys 542:A83. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118326
Pracy MB, Ching JHY, Sadler EM, Croom SM, Baldry IK, Bland-Hawthorn J, Brough S, Brown MJI et al (2016) GAMA/WiggleZ: the 1.4 GHz radio luminosity functions of high- and low-excitation radio galaxies and their redshift evolution to \(z = 0.75\). MNRAS 460:2–17. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw910
Rees MJ, Begelman MC, Blandford RD, Phinney ES (1982) Ion-supported tori and the origin of radio jets. Nature 295:17–21. doi:10.1038/295017a0
Remillard RA, McClintock JE (2006) X-ray properties of black-hole binaries. Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 44:49–92. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.44.051905.092532
Resconi E, Coenders S, Padovani P, Giommi P, Caccianiga L (2017) Connecting blazars with ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays and astrophysical neutrinos. MNRAS 468:597–606. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx498
Reyes R, Zakamska NL, Strauss MA, Green J, Krolik JH, Shen Y, Richards GT, Anderson SF et al (2008) Space density of optically selected type 2 quasars. Astron J 136:2373–2390. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/6/2373
Ricci C, Bauer FE, Treister E, Romero-Cañizales C, Arevalo P, Iwasawa K, Privon GC, Sanders DB et al (2016) NUSTAR unveils a heavily obscured low-luminosity active galactic nucleus in the luminous infrared galaxy NGC 6286. Astrophys J 819:4. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/1/4
Ricci F, La Franca F, Onori F, Bianchi S (2017) Novel calibrations of virial black hole mass estimators in active galaxies based on X-ray luminosity and optical/near-infrared emission lines. Astron Astrophys 598:A51. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629380
Richards GT, Fan X, Schneider DP, Vanden Berk DE, Strauss MA, York DG, Anderson JE Jr et al (2001) Colors of 2625 quasars at \(0<z<5\) measured in the Sloan digital sky survey photometric system. Astron J 121:2308–2330. doi:10.1086/320392
Richards GT, Fan X, Newberg HJ, Strauss MA, Vanden Berk DE, Schneider DP, Yanny B, Boucher A et al (2002) Spectroscopic target selection in the Sloan digital sky survey: the quasar sample. Astron J 123:2945–2975. doi:10.1086/340187
Richards GT, Lacy M, Storrie-Lombardi LJ, Hall PB, Gallagher SC, Hines DC, Fan X, Papovich C et al (2006a) Spectral energy distributions and multiwavelength selection of type 1 quasars. Astrophys J Suppl 166:470–497. doi:10.1086/506525
Richards GT, Strauss MA, Fan X, Hall PB, Jester S, Schneider DP, Vanden Berk DE, Stoughton C et al (2006b) The Sloan digital sky survey quasar survey: quasar luminosity function from data release 3. Astron J 131:2766–2787. doi:10.1086/503559
Richards GT, Deo RP, Lacy M, Myers AD, Nichol RC, Zakamska NL, Brunner RJ, Brandt WN et al (2009a) Eight-dimensional mid-infrared/optical Bayesian quasar selection. Astron J 137:3884–3899. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/4/3884
Richards GT, Myers AD, Gray AG, Riegel RN, Nichol RC, Brunner RJ, Szalay AS, Schneider DP et al (2009b) Efficient photometric selection of quasars from the Sloan digital sky survey. II. 1,000,000 quasars from data release 6. Astrophys J Suppl 180:67–83. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/180/1/67
Richards GT, Kruczek NE, Gallagher SC, Hall PB, Hewett PC, Leighly KM, Deo RP, Kratzer RM et al (2011) Unification of luminous type 1 quasars through C IV emission. Astron J 141:167. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/141/5/167
Richards GT, Myers AD, Peters CM, Krawczyk CM, Chase G, Ross NP, Fan X, Jiang L et al (2015) Bayesian high-redshift quasar classification from optical and mid-IR photometry. Astrophys J Suppl 219:39. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/219/2/39
Rieke GH, Young ET, Engelbracht CW et al (2004) The multiband imaging photometer for Spitzer (MIPS). Astrophys J Suppl 154:25–29. doi:10.1086/422717
Rigby EE, Argyle J, Best PN, Rosario D, Röttgering HJA (2015) Cosmic downsizing of powerful radio galaxies to low radio luminosities. Astron Astrophys 581:A96. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526475
Risaliti G, Elvis M, Nicastro F (2002) Ubiquitous variability of X-ray-absorbing column densities in Seyfert 2 galaxies. Astrophys J 571:234–246. doi:10.1086/324146
Risaliti G, Elvis M, Fabbiano G, Baldi A, Zezas A (2005) Rapid Compton-thick/Compton-thin transitions in the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1365. Astrophys J Lett 623:L93–L96. doi:10.1086/430252
Risaliti G, Nardini E, Salvati M, Elvis M, Fabbiano G, Maiolino R, Pietrini P, Torricelli-Ciamponi G et al (2011) X-ray absorption by broad-line region clouds in Mrk 766. MNRAS 410:1027–1035. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17503.x
Roseboom IG, Lawrence A, Elvis M et al (2013) IR-derived covering factors for a large sample of quasars from WISE-UKIDSS-SDSS. MNRAS 429:1494–1501. doi:10.1093/mnras/sts441
Ross NP, McGreer ID, White M, Richards GT, Myers AD, Palanque-Delabrouille N, Strauss MA, Anderson SF et al (2013) The SDSS-III baryon oscillation spectroscopic survey: the quasar luminosity function from data release nine. Astrophys J 773:14. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/773/1/14
Ross NP, Hamann F, Zakamska NL et al (2015) Extremely red quasars from SDSS, BOSS and WISE: classification of optical spectra. MNRAS 453:3932–3952. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1710
Ruan JJ, Anderson SF, Cales SL, Eracleous M, Green PJ, Morganson E, Runnoe JC, Shen Y et al (2016) Toward an understanding of changing-look quasars: an archival spectroscopic search in SDSS. Astrophys J 826:188. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/826/2/188
Runnoe JC, Brotherton MS, Shang Z, DiPompeo MA (2013) Rehabilitating C IV-based black hole mass estimates in quasars. MNRAS 434:848–861. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1077
Sadler EM (2016) GPS/CSS radio sources and their relation to other AGN. Astron Nachr 337:105. doi:10.1002/asna.201512274
Sadler EM, Cannon RD, Mauch T, Hancock PJ, Wake DA, Ross N, Croom SM, Drinkwater MJ et al (2007) Radio galaxies in the 2SLAQ luminous red galaxy survey—I. The evolution of low-power radio galaxies to \(z \sim 0.7\). MNRAS 381:211–227. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12231.x
Salvato M, Hasinger G, Ilbert O, Zamorani G, Brusa M, Scoville NZ, Rau A, Capak P et al (2009) Photometric redshift and classification for the XMM-COSMOS sources. Astrophys J 690:1250–1263. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/690/2/1250
Sánchez P, Lira P, Cartier R (2016) Characterization of the AGN variability in the optical and near infrared regimes. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.60353
Sanders DB, Soifer BT, Elias JH et al (1988) Ultraluminous infrared galaxies and the origin of quasars. Astrophys J 325:74–91. doi:10.1086/165983
Sarzi M, Shields JC, Schawinski K, Jeong H, Shapiro K, Bacon R, Bureau M, Cappellari M et al (2010) The SAURON project—XVI. On the sources of ionization for the gas in elliptical and lenticular galaxies. MNRAS 402:2187–2210. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.16039.x
Satyapal S, Secrest NJ, McAlpine W et al (2014) Discovery of a population of bulgeless galaxies with extremely red mid-IR colors: obscured AGN activity in the low-mass regime? Astrophys J 784:113. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/784/2/113
Satyapal S, Secrest NJ, Rothberg B et al (2016) Obscured AGNs in bulgeless hosts discovered by WISE: the case study of SDSS J1224+5555. Astrophys J 827:58. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/827/1/58
Scaringi S, Maccarone TJ, Kording E, Knigge C, Vaughan S, Marsh TR, Aranzana E, Dhillon VS et al (2015) Accretion-induced variability links young stellar objects, white dwarfs, and black holes. Sci Adv 1:e1500686–e1500686. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500686
Schawinski K, Koss M, Berney S, Sartori LF (2015) Active galactic nuclei flicker: an observational estimate of the duration of black hole growth phases of \({\approx } 10^{5}\) yr. MNRAS 451:2517–2523. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1136
Schaye J, Crain RA, Bower RG et al (2015) The EAGLE project: simulating the evolution and assembly of galaxies and their environments. MNRAS 446:521–554. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2058
Schmidt M (1963) 3C 273: a star-like object with large red-shift. Nature 197:1040. doi:10.1038/1971040a0
Schmidt M (1970) Space distribution and luminosity functions of quasars. Astrophys J 162:371. doi:10.1086/150668
Schneider DP, Richards GT, Hall PB, Strauss MA, Anderson SF, Boroson TA, Ross NP, Shen Y et al (2010) The sloan digital sky survey quasar catalog. V. Seventh data release. Astron J 139:2360. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/139/6/2360
Schulze A, Bongiorno A, Gavignaud I, Schramm M, Silverman J, Merloni A, Zamorani G, Hirschmann M et al (2015) The cosmic growth of the active black hole population at \(1< z< 2\) in zCOSMOS, VVDS and SDSS. MNRAS 447:2085–2111. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2549
Schweitzer M, Groves B, Netzer H et al (2008) Extended silicate dust emission in Palomar-green QSOs. Astrophys J 679:101–117. doi:10.1086/587097
Sergeev SG, Doroshenko VT, Golubinskiy YV, Merkulova NI, Sergeeva EA (2005) Lag-luminosity relationship for interband lags between variations in B, V, R, and I bands in active galactic nuclei. Astrophys J 622:129–135. doi:10.1086/427820
Seyfert CK (1943) Nuclear emission in spiral nebulae. Astrophys J 97:28. doi:10.1086/144488
Shakura NI, Sunyaev RA (1973) Black holes in binary systems. Observational appearance. Astron Astrophys 24:337–355
Shanks T, Metcalfe N, Chehade B, Findlay JR, Irwin MJ, Gonzalez-Solares E, Lewis JR, Yoldas AK et al (2015) The VLT survey telescope ATLAS. MNRAS 451:4238–4252. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1130
Sharma M, Nayak J, Koul MK et al (2015) Validation of a new background discrimination method for the TACTIC TeV gamma-ray telescope with Markarian 421 data. Nucl Inst Methods Phys Res A 770:42. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2014.10.012
Shen Y (2013) The mass of quasars. Bull Astron Soc India 41:61–115
Shen Y, Ho LC (2014) The diversity of quasars unified by accretion and orientation. Nature 513:210–213. doi:10.1038/nature13712
Shen Y, Kelly BC (2012) The demographics of broad-line quasars in the mass-luminosity plane. I. Testing FWHM-based virial black hole masses. Astrophys J 746:169. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/746/2/169
Shi Y, Rieke GH, Hines DC, Gorjian V, Werner MW, Cleary K, Low FJ, Smith PS et al (2006) 9.7 \(\mu \)m Silicate features in active galactic nuclei: new insights into unification models. Astrophys J 653:127–136. doi:10.1086/508737
Siebenmorgen R, Haas M, Krügel E, Schulz B (2005) Discovery of 10 \(\mu \)m silicate emission in quasars. Evidence of the AGN unification scheme. Astron Astrophys 436:L5–L8. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200500109
Simm T, Salvato M, Saglia R, Ponti G, Lanzuisi G, Trakhtenbrot B, Nandra K, Bender R et al (2016) Pan-STARRS1 variability of XMM-COSMOS AGN. II. Physical correlations and power spectrum analysis. Astron Astrophys 585:A129. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527353
Simmons BD, Van Duyne J, Urry CM et al (2011) Obscured GOODS active galactic nuclei and their host galaxies at \(z< 1.25\): the slow black hole growth phase. Astrophys J 734:121. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/734/2/121
Simpson C (2005) The luminosity dependence of the type 1 active galactic nucleus fraction. MNRAS 360:565–572. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09043.x
Slone O, Netzer H (2012) The effects of disc winds on the spectrum and black hole growth rate of active galactic nuclei. MNRAS 426:656–664. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21699.x
Smith KL, Boyd PT, Mushotzky RF, Gehrels N, Edelson R, Howell SB, Gelino DM, Brown A, Young S (2015) KSwAGS: a swift X-ray and UV survey of the Kepler field. I. Astron J 150:126. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/150/4/126
Smolčić V (2009) The radio AGN population dichotomy: green valley Seyferts versus red sequence low-excitation active galactic nuclei. Astrophys J Lett 699:L43–L47. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/699/1/L43
Smolčić V (2016) Radio continuum surveys and galaxy evolution: the AGN view. arXiv:1603.05687
Smolčić V, Ivezić Ž, Gaćeša M, Rakos K, Pavlovski K, Ilijić S, Obrić M, Lupton RH et al (2006) The rest-frame optical colours of 99000 Sloan Digital Sky Survey galaxies. MNRAS 371:121–137. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10662.x
Smolčić V, Schinnerer E, Scodeggio M, Franzetti P, Aussel H, Bondi M, Brusa M, Carilli CL et al (2008) A new method to separate star-forming from AGN galaxies at intermediate redshift: the submillijansky radio population in the VLA-COSMOS survey. Astrophys J Suppl 177:14–38. doi:10.1086/588028
Smolčić V, Zamorani G, Schinnerer E, Bardelli S, Bondi M, Bîrzan L, Carilli CL, Ciliegi P et al (2009) Cosmic evolution of radio selected active galactic nuclei in the cosmos field. Astrophys J 696:24–39. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/696/1/24
Smolčić V, Delvecchio I, Zamorani G, Baran N, Novak M, Delhaize J, Schinnerer E, Berta S et al (2017a) The VLA-COSMOS 3 GHz large project: multiwavelength counterparts and the composition of the faint radio population. Astron Astrophys 602:A2. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201630223
Smolčić V, Novak M, Delvecchio I, Ceraj L, Bondi M, Delhaize J, Marchesi S, Murphy E et al (2017b) The VLA-COSMOS 3 GHz large project: cosmic evolution of radio AGN and implications for radio-mode feedback since z 5. Astron Astrophys 602:A6. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730685
Sobolewska MA, Siemiginowska A, Życki PT (2004) High-redshift radio-quiet quasars: exploring the parameter space of accretion models. II. Patchy corona model. Astrophys J 617:102–112. doi:10.1086/425262
Soffitta P, Bellazzini R, Bozzo E, Burwitz V, Castro-Tirado A, Costa E, Courvoisier T, Feng H et al (2016) XIPE: the x-ray imaging polarimetry explorer. Proc SPIE 9905:990515. doi:10.1117/12.2233046
Soldi S, Beckmann V, Baumgartner WH, Ponti G, Shrader CR, Lubiński P, Krimm HA, Mattana F et al (2014) Long-term variability of AGN at hard X-rays. Astron Astrophys 563:A57. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322653
Spergel D, Gehrels N, Baltay C et al (2015) Wide-field infrared survey telescope-astrophysics focused telescope assets WFIRST-AFTA 2015 report. arXiv e-prints
Spoon HWW, Marshall JA, Houck JR et al (2007) Mid-infrared galaxy classification based on silicate obscuration and PAH equivalent width. Astrophys J Lett 654:L49–L52. doi:10.1086/511268
Stanek R, Evrard AE, Böhringer H, Schuecker P, Nord B (2006) The X-ray luminosity-mass relation for local clusters of galaxies. Astrophys J 648:956–968. doi:10.1086/506248
Steffen AT, Strateva I, Brandt WN, Alexander DM, Koekemoer AM, Lehmer BD, Schneider DP, Vignali C et al (2006) The X-ray-to-optical properties of optically selected active galaxies over wide luminosity and redshift ranges. Astron J 131:2826–2842. doi:10.1086/503627
Stern D, Eisenhardt P, Gorjian V, Kochanek CS, Caldwell N, Eisenstein D, Brodwin M, Brown MJI et al (2005) Mid-infrared selection of active galaxies. Astrophys J 631:163–168. doi:10.1086/432523
Stern D, Kirkpatrick JD, Allen LE et al (2007) Mid-infrared selection of brown dwarfs and high-redshift quasars. Astrophys J 663:677–685. doi:10.1086/516833
Stern D, Assef RJ, Benford DJ et al (2012) Mid-infrared selection of active galactic nuclei with the wide-field infrared survey explorer. I. Characterizing WISE-selected active galactic nuclei in COSMOS. Astrophys J 753:30. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/753/1/30
Strateva I, Ivezić Ž, Knapp GR, Narayanan VK, Strauss MA, Gunn JE, Lupton RH, Schlegel D et al (2001) Color separation of galaxy types in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey imaging data. Astron J 122:1861–1874. doi:10.1086/323301
Sturm E, Schweitzer M, Lutz D, Contursi A, Genzel R, Lehnert MD, Tacconi LJ, Veilleux S et al (2005) Silicate emissions in active galaxies: from LINERs to QSOs. Astrophys J Lett 629:L21–L23. doi:10.1086/444359
Sulentic JW, Marziani P, Dultzin-Hacyan D (2000) Phenomenology of broad emission lines in active galactic nuclei. Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 38:521–571. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.38.1.521
Sulentic JW, Marziani P, Zamanov R, Bachev R, Calvani M, Dultzin-Hacyan D (2002) Average quasar spectra in the context of eigenvector 1. Astrophys J Lett 566:L71–L75. doi:10.1086/339594
Sulentic JW, Bachev R, Marziani P, Negrete CA, Dultzin D (2007) C IV \(\lambda \)1549 as an eigenvector 1 parameter for active galactic nuclei. Astrophys J 666:757–777. doi:10.1086/519916
Sun W-H, Malkan MA (1989) Fitting improved accretion disk models to the multiwavelength continua of quasars and active galactic nuclei. Astrophys J 346:68–100. doi:10.1086/167986
Stalevski M, Fritz J, Baes M, Nakos T, Popović LČ (2012) 3D radiative transfer modelling of the dusty tori around active galactic nuclei as a clumpy two-phase medium. MNRAS 420:2756–2772. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19775.x
Stalevski M, Ricci C, Ueda Y, Lira P, Fritz J, Baes M (2016) The dust covering factor in active galactic nuclei. MNRAS 458:2288–2302. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw444
Szokoly GP, Bergeron J, Hasinger G, Lehmann I, Kewley L, Mainieri V, Nonino M, Rosati P et al (2004) The Chandra deep field-south: optical spectroscopy. I. Astrophys J Suppl 155:271–349. doi:10.1086/424707
Tadhunter C (2016) Radio AGN in the local universe: unification, triggering and evolution. Astron Astrophys Rev 24:10. doi:10.1007/s00159-016-0094-x
Tadhunter CN, Morganti R, Robinson A, Dickson R, Villar-Martin M, Fosbury RAE (1998) The nature of the optical-radio correlations for powerful radio galaxies. MNRAS 298:1035–1047. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01706.x
Tavani M et al (2009) The AGILE mission. Astron Astrophys 502:995–1013. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200810527
Tchekhovskoy A (2015) Launching of active galactic nuclei jets. In: Contopoulos I, Gabuzda D, Kylafis N (eds) The formation and disruption of black hole jets, vol 414. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, p 45. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10356-3_3
Tchekhovskoy A, Narayan R, McKinney JC (2011) Efficient generation of jets from magnetically arrested accretion on a rapidly spinning black hole. MNRAS 418:L79–L83. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2011.01147.x
Terrell J (1967) Luminosity fluctuations and a local model of quasi-stellar objects. Astrophys J 147:827. doi:10.1086/149065
The Fermi-LAT Collaboration (2017) 3FHL: the third catalog of hard Fermi-LAT sources. arXiv:1702.00664
Thompson DJ, Bertsch DL, Fichtel CE et al (1993) Calibration of the energetic gamma-ray experiment telescope (EGRET) for the Compton gamma-ray observatory. Astrophys J Suppl 86:629. doi:10.1086/191793
Trakhtenbrot B, Netzer H (2012) Black hole growth to \(z = 2 - I\). Improved virial methods for measuring \(\text{ M }_{{{\rm BH}}}\) and \(\text{ L/L }_{{{\rm Edd}}}\). MNRAS 427:3081–3102. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.22056.x
Treister E, Urry CM, Chatzichristou E et al (2004) Obscured active galactic nuclei and the X-ray, optical, and far-infrared number counts of active galactic nuclei in the GOODS fields. Astrophys J 616:123–135. doi:10.1086/424891
Tremaine S, Gebhardt K, Bender R, Bower G, Dressler A, Faber SM, Filippenko AV, Green R et al (2002) The slope of the black hole mass versus velocity dispersion correlation. Astrophys J 574:740–753. doi:10.1086/341002
Treves A, Maraschi L, Abramowicz M (1988) Basic elements of the theory of accretion. Publ Astron Soc Pac 100:427–451. doi:10.1086/132189
Tristram KRW, Meisenheimer K, Jaffe W et al (2007) Resolving the complex structure of the dust torus in the active nucleus of the Circinus galaxy. Astron Astrophys 474:837–850. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078369
Tsai CW, Eisenhardt PRM, Wu J et al (2015) The most luminous galaxies discovered by WISE. Astrophys J 805:90. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/805/2/90
Ueda Y, Akiyama M, Ohta K, Miyaji T (2003) Cosmological evolution of the hard X-ray active galactic nucleus luminosity function and the origin of the hard X-ray background. Astrophys J 598:886–908. doi:10.1086/378940
Ueda Y, Akiyama M, Hasinger G, Miyaji T, Watson MG (2014) Toward the standard population synthesis model of the X-ray background: evolution of X-ray luminosity and absorption functions of active galactic nuclei including Compton-thick populations. Astrophys J 786:104. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/786/2/104
Ulrich M-H, Maraschi L, Urry CM (1997) Variability of active galactic nuclei. Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 35:445–502. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.35.1.445
Urry CM, Padovani P (1995) Unified schemes for radio-loud active galactic nuclei. Publ Astron Soc Pac 107:803–845. doi:10.1086/133630
Uttley P, McHardy IM (2001) The flux-dependent amplitude of broadband noise variability in X-ray binaries and active galaxies. MNRAS 323:L26–L30. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04496.x
Uttley P, McHardy IM, Papadakis IE (2002) Measuring the broad-band power spectra of active galactic nuclei with RXTE. MNRAS 332:231–250. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05298.x
Uttley P, Edelson R, McHardy IM, Peterson BM, Markowitz A (2003) Correlated long-term optical and X-ray variations in NGC 5548. Astrophys J Lett 584:L53–L56. doi:10.1086/373887
Uttley P, McHardy IM, Vaughan S (2005) Non-linear X-ray variability in X-ray binaries and active galaxies. MNRAS 359:345–362. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08886.x
Uttley P, Wilkinson T, Cassatella P, Wilms J, Pottschmidt K, Hanke M, Böck M (2011) The causal connection between disc and power-law variability in hard state black hole X-ray binaries. MNRAS 414:L60–L64. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2011.01056.x
Vagnetti F, Middei R, Antonucci M, Paolillo M, Serafinelli R (2016) Ensemble X-ray variability of active galactic nuclei. II. Excess variance and updated structure function. Astron Astrophys 593:A55. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629057
Vanden Berk DE, Wilhite BC, Kron RG, Anderson SF, Brunner RJ, Hall PB, Ivezić Ž, Richards GT et al (2004) The ensemble photometric variability of \(\sim \)25,000 quasars in the Sloan digital sky survey. Astrophys J 601:692–714. doi:10.1086/380563
Vasudevan RV, Fabian AC (2009) Simultaneous X-ray/optical/UV snapshots of active galactic nuclei from XMM-Newton: spectral energy distributions for the reverberation mapped sample. MNRAS 392:1124–1140. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.14108.x
Vaughan S, Edelson R, Warwick RS, Uttley P (2003) On characterizing the variability properties of X-ray light curves from active galaxies. MNRAS 345:1271–1284. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2966.2003.07042.x
Vazquez B, Galianni P, Richmond M, Robinson A, Axon DJ, Horne K, Almeyda T, Fausnaugh M et al (2015) Spitzer space telescope measurements of dust reverberation lags in the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 6418. Astrophys J 801:127. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/801/2/127
Veilleux S, Osterbrock DE (1987) Spectral classification of emission-line galaxies. Astrophys J Suppl 63:295–310. doi:10.1086/191166
Veilleux S, Rupke DSN, Kim DC et al (2009) Spitzer quasar and Ulirg evolution study (QUEST). IV. Comparison of 1 Jy ultraluminous infrared galaxies with Palomar-green quasars. Astrophys J Suppl 182:628–666. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/182/2/628
Vestergaard M, Peterson BM (2006) Determining central black hole masses in distant active galaxies and quasars. II. Improved optical and UV scaling relationships. Astrophys J 641:689–709. doi:10.1086/500572
Vestergaard M, Fan X, Tremonti CA, Osmer PS, Richards GT (2008) Mass functions of the active black holes in distant quasars from the Sloan digital sky survey data release 3. Astrophys J Lett 674:L1. doi:10.1086/528981
Voges W, Aschenbach B, Boller T, Bräuninger H, Briel U, Burkert W, Dennerl K, Englhauser J et al (1999) The ROSAT all-sky survey bright source catalogue. Astron Astrophys 349:389–405
Wada K, Schartmann M, Meijerink R (2016) Multi-phase nature of a radiation-driven fountain with nuclear starburst in a low-mass active galactic nucleus. Astrophys J Lett 828:L19. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/828/2/L19
Waddington I, Dunlop JS, Peacock JA, Windhorst RA (2001) The LBDS Hercules sample of mJy radio sources at 1.4 GHz—II. Redshift distribution, radio luminosity function, and the high-redshift cut-off. MNRAS 328:882–896. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04934.x
Wall JV (1975) The quasars from the Parkes 2700-MHz survey. Observatory 95:196–204
Wang JX, Jiang P (2006) On the fraction of X-ray-obscured quasars in the local universe. Astrophys J Lett 646:L103–L106. doi:10.1086/507100
Wang SX, Brandt WN, Luo B, Smail I, Alexander DM, Danielson ALR, Hodge JA, Karim A et al (2013) An ALMA survey of submillimeter galaxies in the extended Chandra deep field-south: the AGN fraction and X-ray properties of submillimeter galaxies. Astrophys J 778:179. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/778/2/179
Warren SJ, Hewett PC, Foltz CB (2000) The KX method for producing K-band flux-limited samples of quasars. MNRAS 312:827–832. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03206.x
Waters T, Proga D (2016) On the efficient acceleration of clouds in active galactic nuclei. MNRAS 460:L79–L83. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slw056
Weinberger R, Springel V, Hernquist L et al (2017) Simulating galaxy formation with black hole driven thermal and kinetic feedback. MNRAS 465:3291–3308. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2944
Weisskopf MC, Brinkman B, Canizares C, Garmire G, Murray S, Van Speybroeck LP (2002) An overview of the performance and scientific results from the Chandra X-ray observatory. Publ Astron Soc Pac 114:1–24. doi:10.1086/338108
Werner MW, Roellig TL, Low FJ et al (2004) The Spitzer space telescope mission. Astrophys J Suppl 154:1–9. doi:10.1086/422992
Weymann RJ, Carswell RF, Smith MG (1981) Absorption lines in the spectra of quasistellar objects. Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 19:41–76. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.19.090181.000353
Weymann RJ, Morris SL, Foltz CB, Hewett PC (1991) Comparisons of the emission-line and continuum properties of broad absorption line and normal quasi-stellar objects. Astrophys J 373:23–53. doi:10.1086/170020
White SV, Jarvis MJ, Häußler B, Maddox N (2015) Radio-quiet quasars in the VIDEO survey: evidence for AGN-powered radio emission at \(S_{1.4 {\rm GHz}}< 1\) mJy. MNRAS 448:2665–2686. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv134
Whysong D, Antonucci R (2004) Thermal emission as a test for hidden nuclei in nearby radio galaxies. Astrophys J 602:116–122. doi:10.1086/380828
Willott CJ, Rawlings S, Blundell KM, Lacy M, Eales SA (2001) The radio luminosity function from the low-frequency 3CRR, 6CE and 7CRS complete samples. MNRAS 322:536–552. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04101.x
Wilman RJ, Miller L, Jarvis MJ, Mauch T, Levrier F, Abdalla FB, Rawlings S, Klöckner H-R et al (2008) A semi-empirical simulation of the extragalactic radio continuum sky for next generation radio telescopes. MNRAS 388:1335–1348. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13486.x
Wilms J, Allen A, McCray R (2000) On the absorption of X-rays in the interstellar medium. Astrophys J 542:914–924. doi:10.1086/317016
Wolf C, Wisotzki L, Borch A, Dye S, Kleinheinrich M, Meisenheimer K (2003) The evolution of faint AGN between \(z = 1\) and \(z = 5\) from the COMBO-17 survey. Astron Astrophys 408:499–514. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030990
Worseck G, Prochaska JX (2011) GALEX far-ultraviolet color selection of UV-bright high-redshift quasars. Astrophys J 728:23. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/728/1/23
Wright EL, Eisenhardt PRM, Mainzer AK et al (2010) The wide-field infrared survey explorer (WISE): mission description and initial on-orbit performance. Astron J 140:1868–1881. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/140/6/1868
Wu J, Brandt WN, Hall PB, Gibson RR, Richards GT, Schneider DP, Shemmer O, Just DW et al (2011) A population of X-ray weak quasars: PHL 1811 analogs at high redshift. Astrophys J 736:28. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/736/1/28
Wu J, Tsai CW, Sayers J et al (2012a) Submillimeter follow-up of WISE-selected hyperluminous galaxies. Astrophys J 756:96. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/756/1/96
Wu XB, Hao G, Jia Z, Zhang Y, Peng N (2012b) SDSS quasars in the WISE preliminary data release and quasar candidate selection with optical/infrared colors. Astron J 144:49. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/144/2/49
Xue YQ, Brandt WN, Luo B, Rafferty DA, Alexander DM, Bauer FE, Lehmer BD, Schneider DP et al (2010) Color-magnitude relations of active and non-active galaxies in the Chandra deep fields: high-redshift constraints and stellar-mass selection effects. Astrophys J 720:368–391. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/720/1/368
Yang G, Brandt WN, Luo B, Xue YQ, Bauer FE, Sun MY, Kim S, Schulze S et al (2016) Long-term X-ray variability of typical active galactic nuclei in the distant universe. Astrophys J 831:145. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/831/2/145
Yip CW, Connolly AJ, Vanden Berk DE, Ma Z, Frieman JA, SubbaRao M, Szalay AS, Richards GT et al (2004) Spectral classification of quasars in the Sloan digital sky survey: eigenspectra, redshift, and luminosity effects. Astron J 128:2603–2630. doi:10.1086/425626
York DG, Adelman J, Anderson JE Jr, Anderson SF, Annis J, Bahcall NA, Bakken JA, Barkhouser R et al (2000) The Sloan digital sky survey: technical summary. Astron J 120:1579–1587. doi:10.1086/301513
Young M, Brandt WN, Xue YQ, Paolillo M, Alexander DM, Bauer FE, Lehmer BD, Luo B et al (2012) Variability-selected low-luminosity active galactic nuclei in the 4 Ms Chandra deep field-south. Astrophys J 748:124. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/748/2/124
Yuan F, Narayan R (2014) Hot accretion flows around black holes. Annu Rev Astron Astrophys 52:529–588. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-082812-141003
Yuan S, Strauss MA, Zakamska NL (2016) Spectroscopic identification of type 2 quasars at \(z< 1\) in SDSS-III/BOSS. MNRAS 462:1603–1615. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1747
Yun MS, Aretxaga I, Ashby MLN et al (2008) Spitzer IRAC infrared colours of submillimetre-bright galaxies. MNRAS 389:333–340. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13565.x
Zakamska NL, Strauss MA, Krolik JH, Collinge MJ, Hall PB, Hao L, Heckman TM, Ivezić Ž et al (2003) Candidate type II quasars from the Sloan digital sky survey. I. Selection and optical properties of a sample at \(0.3< z< 0.83\). Astron J 126:2125–2144. doi:10.1086/378610
Zakamska NL, Lampayan K, Petric A, Dicken D, Greene JE, Heckman TM, Hickox RC, Ho LC et al (2016) Star formation in quasar hosts and the origin of radio emission in radio-quiet quasars. MNRAS 455:4191–4211. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2571
Zhou X-L, Zhang S-N, Wang D-X, Zhu L (2010) Calibrating the correlation between black hole mass and X-ray variability amplitude: X-ray only black hole mass estimates for active galactic nuclei and ultra-luminous X-ray sources. Astrophys J 710:16–23. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/710/1/16
Zoghbi A, Fabian AC, Reynolds CS, Cackett EM (2012) Relativistic iron K X-ray reverberation in NGC 4151. MNRAS 422:129–134. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20587.x
Zuo W, Wu X-B, Liu Y-Q, Jiao C-L (2012) The correlations between optical variability and physical parameters of quasars in SDSS Stripe 82. Astrophys J 758:104. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/758/2/104
Acknowledgements
We thank the participants of the AGN Workshop “Active Galactic Nuclei: what’s in a name?” (see full list at http://www.eso.org/sci/meetings/2016/AGN2016/participants.html) for their presentations, Lisa Kewley, John Silverman, and Sylvain Veilleux for their role in the SOC, Phil Hopkins for his summary talk, Chris Harrison for producing Fig. 1, and Sarah Gallagher, Darshan Kakkad, Andrea Merloni, Kevin Schawinski, and an anonymous referee for reading the paper and providing helpful comments. DMA thanks the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) for support through Grant ST/L00075X/1, and James Aird and Bret Lehmer for useful critical feedback. RJA was supported by FONDECYT Grant number 1151408. BDM thanks D. De Cicco for helpful discussions and acknowledges support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 665778 via the Polish National Science Center Grant Polonez UMO-2016/21/P/ST9/04025. RCH acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation through grants 1515364 and 1554584, and from NASA through Grants NNX16AN48G, NNX15AP24G, and NNX15AU32H. GTR is grateful for the support of NASA-ADAP Grant NNX12AI49G, NSF Grant 1411773, and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. VS acknowledges support from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme under Grant agreement 337595 (ERC Starting Grant, ’CoSMass’).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Padovani, P., Alexander, D.M., Assef, R.J. et al. Active galactic nuclei: what’s in a name?. Astron Astrophys Rev 25, 2 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00159-017-0102-9
Received:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00159-017-0102-9