Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The ranking of fungi: a tribute to David L. Hawksworth on his 70th birthday

  • Published:
Fungal Diversity Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The history of assigning ranks to fungi, as well as the relative importance of using divergence time estimates is reviewed. The paper pays tribute to the major mycological players, and especially to David Hawksworth on his 70th birthday and his contribution to fungal ranking in Systema Ascomycetum from 1982 to 1998. Following the conclusion of the latter series, the ranking continued with the Outlines of Ascomycota in 2007 and 2010 and more recently with specific classes in ‘Towards an outline of Sordariomycetes’ and ‘Families of Dothideomycetes’. Earlier classifications based on phenotype were certainly more subjective; however, remarkably many of these old arrangements have stood the test of time. More recently, phylogenetic analyses have provided evidence towards a natural classification, resulting in significant changes in many lineages. The classification arrangements however, are still subjective and dependent on the taxa analysed, resulting in different taxonomic interpretations and schemes, particularly when it comes to ranking. Thus, what have been considered as genera by some, have been introduced as families by others. More recently, estimation of divergence times using molecular clock methods have been used as objective evidence for higher ranking of taxa. A divergence period (i.e. 200–300 MYA) can be used as a criterion to infer when a group of related taxa evolved and what rank they should be given. We compiled data on divergence times for various higher ranking taxa in the Kingdom Fungi. The kingdom evolved 1000–1600 MYA (Stenian–Calymmian), while the presently accepted phyla evolved between 358 and 541 MYA (Devonian–Cambrian). Divergence times for subphyla are generally between 358 and 485 MYA (Devonian–Ordovician), those of classes 145–358 MYA (Jurassic–Carboniferous), subclasses 66–358 MYA (Cretaceous–Carboniferous), orders 23–252 MYA (Paleogene–Triassic), families 2.8–145 MYA (Neogene–Cretaceous), and genera 2.8–66 MYA (Neogene–Paleogene). Thus, there are wide discrepancies in the times different taxa diverged. We provide an overview over Ascomycota, showing how application of temporal banding could affect the recognition of higher taxa at certain rank levels. We then use Sordariomycetes as an example where we use divergence times to provide additional evidence to stabilize ranking of taxa below class level. We propose a series of evolutionary periods that could be used as a guide to determine the various higher ranks of fungi: phyla >550 MYA, subphyla 400–550 MYA; classes 300–400 MYA; subclasses 250–300 MYA, orders 150–250 MYA, and families 50–150 MYA. It is proposed that classification schemes and ranking of taxa should, where possible, incorporate a polyphasic approach including phylogeny, phenotype, and estimate of divergence times.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adl SM, Simpson AGB, Farmer MA, Andersen RA, Anderson OR, Barta JR, Bowser SS, Brugerolle G, Fensome RA, Fredericq S, James TY, Karpov S, Kugrens P, Krug J, Lane CE, Lewis LA, Lodge J, Lynn DH, Mann DG, McCourt RM, Mendoza L, Moestrup O, Mozley-Standridge SE, Nerad TA, Shearer CA, Smirnov AV, Spiegel FW, Taylor MF (2005) The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists. J Eukaryot Microbiol 52:399–451

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth GC (1966) A general-purpose classification of the fungi. Bibliogr Syst Mycol 4:1–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth GC, Sparrow FK, Sussman AS (1973) The fungi: an advanced treatise, vol IV(B). Academic Press, New York, pp 504

  • Avise JC, Johns GC (1999) Proposal for a standardized temporal scheme of biological classification for extant species. Proc Natl Acad Sci 96:7358–7363

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Avise JC, Liu JX (2011) On the temporal inconsistencies of Linnean taxonomic ranks. Biol J Lin Soc 102:707–714

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avise JC, Mitchell D (2007) Time to standardize taxonomies. Syst Biol 56:130–133

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barr ME (1976) Perspectives on the Ascomycotina. Mem N Y Bot Gard 28:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Barr ME (1979) A classification of Loculoascomycetes. Mycologia 71:935–957

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barr ME (1987) Prodromus to class Loculoascomycetes. University of Massachusetts, Amherst

    Google Scholar 

  • Barr ME (1990) Melanommatales (Loculoascomycetes). North American Flora Series II. New York Botanical Garden, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Beimforde C, Feldberg K, Nylinder S, Rikkinen J, Tuovila H, Dörfelt H, Gube M, Jackson DJ, Reitner J, Seyfullah LJ, Schmidt AR (2014) Estimating the phanerozoic history of the Ascomycota lineages: combining fossil and molecular data. Mol Phylogenet Evol 78:386–398

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berbee ML, Taylor JW (2010) Dating the molecular clock in fungi—how close are we? Fungal Biol Rev 24:1–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bessey EA (1950) Morphology and taxonomy of fungi. Blakiston Co., Philadelphia, PA

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bremer B, Eriksson T (2009) Time tree of Rubiaceae: phylogeny and dating the family, subfamilies, and tribes. Int J Plant Sci 170:766–793

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bromham L, Penny D (2003) The modern molecular clock. Nat Rev Genet 4:216–224

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bromham L, Phillips MJ, Penny D (1999) Growing up with dinosaurs: molecular dates and the mammalian radiation. Trends Ecol Evol 14:113–118

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke WB, Hawksworth DL (1970) A preliminary list of families proposed for fungi (including the lichens). Commonwealth Mycological Institute Paper No. 121

  • Davis MP, Fielitz C (2010) Estimating divergence times of lizardfishes and their allies (Euteleostei: Aulopiformes) and the timing of deep-sea adaptations. Mol Phylogenet Evol 57:1194–1208

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dentinger BT, Ammirati JF, Both EE, Desjardin DE, Halling RE, Henkel TW, Moreau PA, Nagasawa E, Soytong K, Taylor AF, Watling R, Moncalvo JM, McLaughlin DJ (2010) Molecular phylogenetics of porcini mushrooms (Boletus section Boletus). Mol Phylogenet Evol 57:1276–1292

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Divakar PK, Crespo A, Kraichak E, Leavitt SD, Singh G, Schmitt I, Lumbsch HT (2017) Using a temporal phylogenetic method to harmonize family- and genus-level classification in the largest clade of lichen-forming fungi. Fungal Divers. doi:10.1007/s13225-017-0379-z

    Google Scholar 

  • Drummond AJ, Suchard MA, Xie D, Rambaut A (2012) Bayesian phylogenetics with BEAUti and the BEAST 1.7. Mol Biol Evol 29:1969–1973

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson OE (1981) The families of bitunicate ascomycetes. Opera Botanica 60:1–220

    Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson OE, Hawksworth DL (1991) Outline of Ascomycetes—1990. Systema Ascomycetum 9:39–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Floudas D, Binder M, Riley R, Barry K, Blanchette RA, Henrissat B, Martínez AT, Otillar R, Spatafora JW, Yadav JS, Aerts A, Benoit I, Boyd A, Carlson A, Copeland A, Coutinho PM, de Vries RP, Ferreira P, Findley K, Foster B, Gaskell J, Glotzer D, Górecki P, Heitman J, Hesse C, Hori C, Igarashi K, Jurgens JA, Kallen N, Kersten P, Kohler A, Kües U, Kumar TK, Kuo A, LaButti K, Larrondo LF, Lindquist E, Ling A, Lombard V, Lucas S, Lundell T, Martin R, McLaughlin DJ, Morgenstern I, Morin E, Murat C, Nagy LG, Nolan M, Ohm RA, Patyshakuliyeva A, Rokas A, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Sabat G, Salamov A, Samejima M, Schmutz J, Slot JC, St John F, Stenlid J, Sun H, Sun S, Syed K, Tsang A, Wiebenga A, Young D, Pisabarro A, Eastwood DC, Martin F, Cullen D, Grigoriev IV, Hibbett DS (2012) The Paleozoic origin of enzymatic lignin decomposition reconstructed from 31 fungal genomes. Science 336:1715–1719

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fries EM (1821) Systema mycologicum, vol 1. Ex Officina Berlingiana, Lund

    Google Scholar 

  • Fries EM (1831) Systema mycologicum, vol 3. Ex Officina Berlingiana, Lund

    Google Scholar 

  • Gandolfo MA, Nixon KC, Crepet WL (2008) Selection of fossils for calibration of molecular dating models 1. Ann Mo Bot Gard 95:34–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Sandoval R, Wang Z, Binder M, Hibbett DS (2011) Molecular phylogenetics of the Gloeophyllales and relative ages of clades of Agaricomycotina producing a brown rot. Mycologia 103:510–524

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garnica G, Riess K, Schön ME, Oberwinkler F, Setaro SD (2016) Divergence times and phylogenetic patterns of Sebacinales, a highly diverse and widespread fungal lineage. PLoS ONE 11:e0149531

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gueidan C, Ruibal C, de Hoog GS, Schneider H (2011) Rock-inhabiting fungi originated during periods of dry climate in the late Devonian and middle Triassic. Fungal Biol. 115:987–996

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall TA (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser 41:95–98

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hawksworth DL (2011) A new dawn for the naming of fungi: impacts of decisions made in Melbourne in July 2011 on the future publication and regulation of fungal names. IMA Fungus 2:155–162

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hawksworth DL, Sutton BC, Ainsworth GC (1983) Ainsworth and Bisby’s dictionary of the fungi, 7th edn. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew

    Google Scholar 

  • Hennig W (1966) Phylogenetic systematics. University of Illinois Press, Urbana

    Google Scholar 

  • Hibbett DS (2014) Major events in the evolution of the Fungi. In: Losos J (ed) Princeton guide to evolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp 152–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Hongsanan S, Sánchez-Ramírez S, Crous PW, Ariyawansa HA, Zhao RL, Hyde KD (2016) The evolution of fungal epiphytes. Mycosphere 7:1690–1712

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyde KD, Jones EBG, Liu JK, Ariyawansa H, Boehm E, Boonmee S, Braun U, Chomnunti P, Crous PW, Dai DQ, Diederich P, Dissanayake A, Doilom M, Doveri F, Hongsanan S, Jayawardena R, Lawrey JD, Li YM, Liu Y-X, Lucking R, Monkai J, Muggia L, Nelsen MP, Pang KL, Phookamsak R, Senanayake IC, Shearer CA, Suetrong S, Tanaka K, Thambugala KM, Wijayawardene NN, Wikee S, Wu HX, Zhang Y, Aguirre-Hudson B, Alias SA, Aptroot A, Bahkali AH, Bezerra JL, Bhat DJ, Camporesi E, Chukeatirote E, Gueidan C, Hawksworth DL, Hirayama K, De Hoog S, Kang JC, Knudsen K, Li WJ, Li XH, Liu ZY, Mapook A, McKenzie EHC, Miller AN, Mortimer PE, Phillips AJL, Raja HA, Scheuer C, Schumm F, Taylor JE, Tian Q, Tibpromma S, Wanasinghe DN, Wang Y, Xu JC, Yacharoen S, Yan JY, Zhang M (2013) Families of dothideomycetes. Fungal Divers 63:1–313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James TY, Kauff F, Schoch CL, Matheny PB, Hofstetter V, Cox CJ, Celio G, Gueidan C, Fraker E, Miadlikowska J, Lumbsch HT, Rauhut A, Reeb V, Arnold AE, Amtoft A, Stajich JE, Hosaka K, Sung GH, Johnson D, O’Rourke B, Crockett M, Binder M, Curtis JM, Slot JC, Wang Z, Wilson AW, Schüssler A, Longcore JE, O’Donnell K, Mozley-Standridge S, Porter D, Letcher PM, Powell MJ, Taylor JW, White MM, Griffith GW, Davies DR, Humber RA, Morton JB, Sugiyama J, Rossman AY, Rogers JD, Pfister DH, Hewitt D, Hansen K, Hambleton S, Shoemaker RA, Kohlmeyer J, Volkmann-Kohlmeyer B, Spotts RA, Serdani M, Crous PW, Hughes KW, Matsuura K, Langer E, Langer G, Untereiner WA, Lücking R, Büdel B, Geiser DM, Aptroot A, Diederich P, Schmitt I, Schultz M, Yahr R, Hibbett DS, Lutzoni F, McLaughlin DJ, Spatafora JW, Vilgalys R (2006) Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 19:818–822

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeewon R, Hyde KD (2016) Establishing species boundaries and new taxa among fungi: recommendations to resolve taxonomic ambiguities. Mycosphere 7:1669–1677

    Google Scholar 

  • Katoh K, Asimenos G, Toh H (2009) Multiple alignment of DNA sequences with MAFFT. Methods Mol Biol 537:39–64

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S (2005) Molecular clocks: four decades of evolution. Nat Rev Genet 6:654–662

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Hedges SB (1998) A molecular time scale for vertebrate evolution. Nature 392:917–920

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li GJ, Hyde KD, Zhao RL, Hongsanan S, Abdel-Aziz FA, Abdel-Wahab MA, Alvarado P, Alves-Silva G, Ammirati JF, Ariyawansa HA, Baghela A, Bahkali AH, Beug M, Bhat DJ, Bojantchev D, Boonpratuang T, Bulgakov TS, Camporesi E, Boro MC, Ceska O, Chakraborty D, Chen JJ, Chethana KWT, Chomnunti P, Consiglio G, Cui BK, Dai DQ, Dai YC, Daranagama DA, Das K, Dayarathne MC, Crop ED, De Oliveira RJV, de Souza CAF, de Souza JI, Dentinger BTM, Dissanayake AJ, Doilom M, Drechsler-Santos ER, Ghobad-Nejhad M, Gilmore SP, Góes-Neto A, Gorczak M, Haitjema GH, Hapuar-achchi KK, Hashimoto A, He MQ, Henske JK, Hirayama K, Iribarren MJ, Jayasiri SC, Jayawardena RS, Jeon SJ, Jerônimo GH, Jesus AL, Jones EBG, Kang JC, Karunarathna SC, Kirk PM, Konta S, Kuhnert E, Langer E, Lee HS, Lee HB, Li WJ, Li XH, Liimatainen K, Lima DX, Lin CG, Liu JK, Liu XZ, Liu ZY, Luangsa-ard JJ, Lücking R, Lumbsch HT, Lumyong S, Leaño EM, Marano AV, Matsumura M, McKenzie EHC, Mongkol-samrit S, Mortimer PE, Nguyen TTT, Niskanen T, Norphan-phoun C, O’Malley MA, Parnmen S, Pawłowska J, Perera RH, Phookamsak R, Phukhamsakda C, Pires-Zottarelli CLA, Raspé O, Reck MA, Rocha SCO, de Santiago ALCMA, Senanayake IC, Setti L, Shang QJ, Singh SK, Sir EB, Solomon KV, Song J, Srikitikulchai P, Stadler M, Suetrong S, Takahashi H, Takahashi T, Tanaka K, Tang LP, Thambugala KM, Thanakitpipattana D, Theodorou MK, Thongbai B, Thummarukcharoen T, Tian Q, Tibpromma S, Verbeken A, Vizzini A, Vlasák J, Voigt K, Wanasinghe DN, Wang Y, Weerakoon G, Wen HA, Wen TC, Wijayawardene NN, Wongkanoun S, Wrzosek M, Xiao YP, Xu JC, Yan JY, Yang J, Yang SD, Hu Y, Zhang JF, Zhao J, Zhou LW, Persoh D, Phillips AJL, Maharachchikumbura SSN (2016) Fungal diversity notes 253-366: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa. Fungal Divers 78:1–237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liew ECY, Aptroot A, Hyde KD (2000) Phylogenetic significance of the pseudoparaphyses in Loculoascomycete taxonomy. Mol Phylogenet Evol 16:392–402

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu NG, Ariyawansa HA, Hyde KD, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Zhao RL, Phillips AJL, Jayawardena RS, Thambugala KM, Dissanayake AJ, Wijayawardene NN, Liu JK, Liu ZY, Jeewon R, Jones EBG, Jumpathong J (2016) Perspectives into the value of genera, families and orders in classification. Mycosphere 7:1649–1668

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu JK, Hyde KD, Jeewon R, Phillips AJL, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Ryberg M, Liu ZY, Zhao Q (2017) Ranking higher taxa using divergence times: a case study in Dothideomycetes. Fungal Divers. doi:10.1007/s13225-017-0385-1

  • Lombard L, van der Merwe NA, Groenewald JZ (2014) Lineages in Nectriaceae: re-evaluating the generic status of Ilyonectria and allied genera. Phytopathol Mediterr 53:515–532

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lücking R, Huhndorf S, Pfister DH, Plata ER, Lumbsch HT (2009) Fungi evolved right on track. Mycologia 101:810–822

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lumbsch HT, Huhndorf SM (eds) (2007) Outline of Ascomycota—2007. Myconet 13:1–58

  • Lumbsch HT, Huhndorf SM (eds) (2010) Outline of Ascomycota—2009. Myconet. Notes on Ascomycete systematics. Nos. 4751–5113. Fieldiana Life Earth Sci 1:1–64

  • Luttrell ES (1951) Taxonomy of the Pyrenomycetes. Univ Mo Stud 24:1–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Lutzoni F, Kauff F, Cox CJ, McLaughlin D, Celio G, Dentinger B, Padamsee M, Hibbett D, James TY, Baloch E, Grube M, Reeb V, Hofstetter V, Schoch C, Arnold AE, Miadlikowska J, Spatafora J, Johnson D, Hambleton S, Crockett M, Shoemaker R, Sung GH, Lücking R, Lumbsch T, O’Donnell K, Binder M, Diederich P, Ertz D, Gueidan C, Hansen K, Harris RC, Hosaka K, Lim YW, Matheny B, Nishida H, Pfister D, Rogers J, Rossman A, Schmitt I, Sipman H, Stone J, Sugiyama J, Yahr R, Vilgalys R (2004) Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits. Am J Bot 91:1446–1480

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magallón S, Sanderson MJ (2005) Angiosperm divergence times: the effect of genes, codon positions, and time constraints. Evolution 59:1653–1670

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maharachchikumbura SSN, Hyde KD, Gareth Jones EB, McKenzie EHC, Huang S-K, Abdel-Wahab MA, Daranagama DA, Dayarathne M, D’souza MJ, Goonasekara ID, Hongsanan S, Jayawardena RS, Kirk PM, Konta S, Liu J-K, Liu Z-Y, Norphanphoun C, Shenoy BD, Xiao Y, Bahkali AH, Kang J, Somrothipol S, Suetrong S, Wen T, Xu J (2015) Towards a natural classification and backbone tree for Sordariomycetes. Fungal Divers 72:199–301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maharachchikumbura SSN, Hyde KD, Jones EBG, McKenzie EHC, Bhat DJ, Dayarathne MC, Huang SK, Norphanphoun C, Senanayake IC, Perera RH, Shang QJ, Xiao YP, Souza MJ, Hongsanan S, Jayawardena RS, Daranagama DA, Konta S, Goonasekara ID, Zhuang WY, Jeewon R, Phillips AJL, Abdel-Wahab MA, Al-Sadi AM, Bahkali AH, Boonmee S, Boonyuen N, Cheewangkoon R, Dissanayake AJ, Kang JC, Li QR, Liu JK, Liu XZ, Liu ZY, Luangsa-ard JJ, Pang KL, Phookamsak R, Promputtha I, Suetrong S, Stadler M, Wen TC, Wijayawardene NN (2016) Families of Sordariomycetes. Fungal Divers 79:1–317

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin GW (1961) Key to the families of fungi. In: Ainsworth GC (ed) Ainsworth’s dictionary of the fungi. Commonwealth Mycol Inst, Kew, pp 497–517

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin DJ, McLaughlin EG, Lemke PA (eds) (2001a) The mycota. Vol. VII. Part A. Systematics and evolution. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin DJ, McLaughlin EG, Lemke PA (eds) (2001b) The mycota. Vol. VII. Part B. Systematics and evolution. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehrotra RA, Aneja KR (1990) Kingdom Fungi—introduction and various systems of classfications. In: An introduction to mycology. New Age International (P) Ltd., First Edition

  • Mitchell-Olds T, Bergelson J (2000) Biotic interactions: genomics and coevolution. Curr Opin Plant Biol 3(4):273–277

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nannfeldt JA (1932) Studien über die Morphologie und Systematik der nichtlichenisierten inoperculaten Discomyceten. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis 8:1–368

    Google Scholar 

  • Oberwinkler F (2012) Evolutionary trends in Basidiomycota. Stapfia 96:45–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Ortega S, Garrido-Benavent I, Grube M, Olmo R, de los Ríos A (2016) Hidden diversity of marine borderline lichens and a new order of fungi: Collemopsidiales (Dothideomyceta). Fungal Divers 80:285–300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Persoon CH (1801) Synopsis Methodica Fungorum [A methodical synopsis of the fungi]. Germany, Göttingen, Henricus Dieterich 1:1–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Prieto M, Wedin M (2013) Dating the diversification of the major lineages of Ascomycota (Fungi). PLoS ONE 8(6):e65576

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rambaut A (2006) FigTree v1.0. http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk/FigTree

  • Saccardo PA (1884) Em Sylloge fungorum 3:1–860

    Google Scholar 

  • Samarakoon MC, Hyde KD, Promputtha I, Hongsanan S, Ariyawansa HA, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Daranagama DA, Stadler M, Mapook A (2016a) Evolution of Xylariomycetidae (Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes). Mycosphere 7:1746–1761

    Google Scholar 

  • Samarakoon MC, Hyde KD, Promputtha I, Ariyawansa HA, Hongsanan S (2016b) Divergence and ranking of taxa across the kingdoms Animalia, Fungi and Plantae. Mycosphere 7:1678–1689

    Google Scholar 

  • Schweinitz LD (1822) Synopsis fungorum Carolinae superioris secundum observationes Ludovici Davidis de Scweinitz. Johann Ambrosius Barth, Harvard University, Leipzig

    Google Scholar 

  • Senanayake IC, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Hyde KD, Bhat JD, Jones EBG, Mckenzie EHC, Dai DQ, Daranagama DA, Dayarathne MC, Goonasekara ID, Konta S, Li WJ, Shang QJ, Stadler M, Wijayawardene NN, Xiao YP, Norphanphoun C, Li QR, Liu XZ, Bahkali AH, Kang JC, Wang Y, Wen TC, Xu JC, Camporesi E (2015) Towards unraveling relationships in Xylariomycetidae (Sordariomycetes). Fungal Divers 73:73–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skrede I, Engh IB, Binder M, Carlsen T, Kauserud H, Bendiksby M (2011) Evolutionary history of Serpulaceae (Basidiomycota): molecular phylogeny, historical biogeography and evidence for a single transition of nutritional mode. BMC Evol Biol 11:230

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Smith BT, McCormack JE, Cuervo AM, Hickerson MJ, Aleixo A, Cadena CD, Pérez-Emán J, Burney CW, Xie X, Harvey MG, Faircloth BC, Glenn TC, Derryberry EP, Prejean J, Fields S, Brumfield RT (2014) The drivers of tropical speciation. Nature 515:406–409

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soltis DE, Soltis PS (2003) The role of phylogenetics in comparative genetics. Plant Physiol 132:1790–1800

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Spatafora JW, Chang Y, Benny GL, Lazarus K, Smith ME, Berbee ML, Bonito G, Corradi N, Grigoriev I, Gryganskyi A, James TY, O’Donnell K, Roberson RW, Taylor TN, Uehling J, Vilgalys R, White MM, Stajich JE (2016) A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data. Mycologia 108:1028–1046

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sung GH, Poinar GO Jr, Spatafora JW (2008) The oldest fossil evidence of animal parasitism by fungi supports a Cretaceous diversification of fungal e arthropod symbioses. Mol Phylogenet Evol 49:495–502

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Talavera G, Lukhtanov VA, Pierce NE, Vila R (2013) Establishing criteria for higher-level classification using molecular data: the systematics of Polyommatus blue butterflies (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). Cladistics 29:166–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor JW, Spatafora J, O’Donnell K, Lutzoni F, James T, Hibbett DS, Geiser D, Bruns TD, Blackwell M (2004) The fungi. In: Cracraft J, Donoghue MJ (eds) Assembling the tree of life. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 171–194

    Google Scholar 

  • van Tuinen M, Torres CR (2015) Potential for bias and low precision in molecular divergence time estimation of the Canopy of Life: an example from aquatic bird families. Frontiers in genetics 6:203

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vijaykrishna D, Jeewon R, Hyde KD (2006) Molecular taxonomy, origins and evolution of freshwater ascomycetes. Fungal Divers 23:351–390

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Arx JA, Müller E (1975) A re-evaluation of the bitunicate ascomycetes with keys to families and genera. Stud Mycol 9:1–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Wijayawardene NN, Crous PW, Kirk PM, Hawksworth DL, Boonmee S, Braun U, Dai DQ, Dsouza MJ, Diederich P, Dissanayake A, Doilom M, Hongsanan S, Jones EBG, Groenewald JZ, Jayawar-dena R, Lawrey JD, Liu JK, Lücking R, Madrid H, Manamgoda DS, Muggia L, Nelsen MP, Phookamsak R, Suetrong S, Tanaka K, Thambugala KM, Wanasinghe DN, Wikee S, Zhang Y, Aptroot A, Ariyawansa HA, Bahkali AH, Bhat DJ, Gueidan C, Chomnunti P, De Hoog GS, Knudsen K, Li WJ, McKenzie EHC, Miller AN, Phillips AJL, Piątek M, Raja HA, Shivas RS, Slippers B, Taylor JE, Tian Q, Wang Y, Woudenberg JHC, Cai L, Jaklitsch WM, Hyde KD (2014) Naming and outline of Dothideomycetes–2014 including proposals for the protection or suppression of generic names. Fungal Divers 69:1–55

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson AW, Binder M, Hibbett DS (2012) Diversity and evolution of ectomycorrhizal host associations in the Sclerodermatineae (Boletales, Basidiomycota). New Phytol 194:1079–1095

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML (1990) Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Proc Natl Acad Sci 87:4576–4579

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao RL, Zhou JL, Chen J, Margaritescu S, Sánchez-Ramírez S, Hyde KD, Callac P, Parra LA, Li GJ, Moncalvo JM (2016) Towards standardizing taxonomic ranks using divergence times—a case study for reconstruction of the Agaricus taxonomic system. Fungal Divers 78:239–292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao RL, Li GJ, Sánchez-Ramírez S, Stata M, Moncalvo J-M, Yang ZL, Wu G, Dai YC, He SH, Cui BK, Zhou JL, Wu F, He MQ, Hyde KD (2017) A six-genes phylogenetic overview of Basidiomycota and allied phyla with estimated divergence times of higher taxa and a phyloproteomics perspective. Fungal Divers 84. doi:10.1007/s13225-017-0381-5

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors extend their appreciation to the International Scientific Partnership Program ISPP at King Saud University for funding this research work through ISPP#0089. J.C. Xu extend his appreciation to the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Project No. QYZDY-SSW-SMC014, for funding this work. K.D. Hyde extends his appreciation to the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Project No. 2013T2S0030, for the award of Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists at Kunming Institute of Botany and the Thailand Research Fund (TRF) Grant No. RSA5980068 entitled Biodiversity, phylogeny and role of fungal endophytes on above parts of Rhizophora apiculata and Nypa fruticans and National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) for a grant entitled Diseases of mangrove trees and maintenance of good forestry practice (Grant No.: 60201000201). The authors would also like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China to RLZ (Project IDs 31470152 and 31360014) and NRCT Grant, Biodiversity, phylogeny and role of fungal endophytes of Pandanaceae (Grant No.: 592010200112) to K.D. Hyde. Patricia Wiltshire is thanked for providing details on the life and work of Dr Hawksworth.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China

    Kevin D. Hyde & Jian-Chu Xu

  2. State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China

    Rui-Lin Zhao

  3. College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huairou District, Beijing, 100408, China

    Rui-Lin Zhao

  4. Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2455, Riyadh, 1145, Saudi Arabia

    Ali H. Bahkali & Abdallah M. Elgorban

  5. Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand

    Kevin D. Hyde, Sinang Hongsanan, Milan C. Samarakoon, Dhandevi Pem & Dulanjalee Harishchandra

  6. Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 34, 123, Al-Khod, Oman

    Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura & Abdullah M. Al-Sadi

  7. Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 6-8, 14195, Berlin, Germany

    Robert Lücking

  8. Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius

    Rajesh Jeewon

  9. Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang City, People’s Republic of China

    Jian-Kui Liu

  10. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

    Milan C. Samarakoon

  11. Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, People’s Republic of China

    Dulanjalee Harishchandra

Authors
  1. Kevin D. Hyde
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sinang Hongsanan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Milan C. Samarakoon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Robert Lücking
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Dhandevi Pem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Dulanjalee Harishchandra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Rajesh Jeewon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Rui-Lin Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Jian-Chu Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Jian-Kui Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Abdullah M. Al-Sadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Ali H. Bahkali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Abdallah M. Elgorban
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jian-Chu Xu.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOC 407 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hyde, K.D., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Hongsanan, S. et al. The ranking of fungi: a tribute to David L. Hawksworth on his 70th birthday. Fungal Diversity 84, 1–23 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-017-0383-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-017-0383-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation