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Bio-thermal response during laser haemorrhoidoplasty: an exclusive analytical and numerical approach for theoretical investigation

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Abstract

Haemorrhoidal disease is identified by declension of the inflamed and bleeding of vascular tissues of the anal canal. Traditionally, haemorrhoids are associated with chronic constipation and the most common symptoms are irritation in anus region, pain and discomfort, swelling around anus, tender lumps around the anus and rectal bleeding (depending upon the grade of haemorrhoid). Among the several conventional treatment procedures (commonly mentioned as, rubber band litigation, sclerotherapy and electrotherapy), laser haemorrhoidoplasty is an out-patient and less-invasive laparoscopic procedure. From literature survey it has been observed that an exclusive theoretical model depicting the impact of 1064 nm wavelength laser wave on living tissues subjected to haemorrhoid therapy is not available. This research work is a pioneering attempt to develop a theoretical study attributing specifically on laser therapy of haemorrhoid treatment based on Pennes’ biological heat transfer model. The corresponding mathematical model has been solved by analytical method to establish thermal response of tissue during the treatment and also the same has been solved a numerical approach based on finite difference method to validate the feasibility of former method due to unavailability of any theoretical model. Impact of variation of blood perfusion term, laser pulse time and optical penetration depth on temperature response of skin tissue is captured. The tissue temperature decreases along with time of laser exposure with increasing the blood perfusion rate as it carries away large amount of heat. With the increase in laser pulse time, tissue temperature declines due to shorter pulse time resulting in higher energy consumed by electrons. The research outcome is successfully validated with less than 1% of error observed between the appointed analytical and numerical scheme.

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Data availability

The data presented in this study are available on request to the corresponding author.

Abbreviations

A:

Non-dimensional constant term; refer Eq. (7)

c:

Specific heat (J kg−1 °C−1); refer Eq. (1)

Ci :

Non-dimensional unknown constant of the solution of differential equation; refer Eq. (14)

\(\overline{{\text{F}} }\) :

Non-dimensional time; see Eq. (7)

Fp :

Non-dimensional laser pulse time; refer Eq. (7)

F:

Transformed time function (F) based on Duhamel’s theorem; refer Eq. (9)

I0 :

Laser power input (J m−2); refer Eq. (2)

I0*:

Non-dimensional laser power input; refer Eq. (7)

i:

Non-zero and non-negative integer, refer Eq. (11)

k:

Thermal conductivity (W m−1 °C−1); refer Eq. (1)

L:

Length of the skin tissue domain (m); refer Fig. 1d

n:

Nodal point representing as space in numerical solution; refer Eq. (20)

p:

Assumed as nodal point representing as time in numerical solution; refer Eq. (20)

Qmetabolic :

Metabolic heat generation term (J m−3), refer Eq. (1)

Qexternal :

External heat generation term (J m−3); refer Eq. (1)

ra, rf :

Absorptivity and reflectivity of skin tissue; refer Eq. (2)

rd :

Laser absorption radius (m), refer Eq. (2)

Rd :

Non-dimensional laser absorption radius; refer Eq. (7)

t:

Time for laser heating (s), refer Eq. (1)

tp :

Pulse laser time (s), refer Eq. (2)

T:

Local temperature (°C); refer Eq. (1)

x:

Spatial direction along the length of the tissue domain (m); refer Eq. (1)

X:

Laser absorption radius spatial direction along the length of the tissue domain; refer Eq. (7)

ω:

Blood perfusion term in Pennes’ bioheat model (s−1); refer Eq. (1)

ρ:

Density (kg m−3); refer Eq. (1)

δ:

Optical penetration depth (m); see Eq. (2)

θ:

Non-dimensional local temperature; see Eq. (5)

α:

Thermal diffusivity (m2 s−1); refer Eq. (1)

\(\overline{\uptheta }\) :

Transformed non-dimensional local temperature based on Duhamel’s theorem; refer Eq. (8)

μa :

Absorption coefficient (m−1) of optically cleared tissue; refer Eq. (2)

μs :

Scattering coefficient (m−1) of optically cleared tissue; refer Eq. (2)

t:

Tissue

b:

Blood

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Branch of Mechanical Science, Department of Basic Science and Humanities, St. Thomas’ College of Engineering and Technology, 4, Diamond Harbour Road, Kidderpore, Kolkata, 700023, West Bengal, India

    Jaideep Dutta

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Contributions

This research work is carried out by Dr. Jaideep Dutta as the sole author. The details of author’s contribution (segment-wise) are as follows:

Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing original draft, Investigation, Methodology, Graphical analysis, Review & Editing, Resources, Supervision: Jaideep Dutta.

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Correspondence to Jaideep Dutta.

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Dutta, J. Bio-thermal response during laser haemorrhoidoplasty: an exclusive analytical and numerical approach for theoretical investigation. Lasers Med Sci 39, 108 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-024-04046-7

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