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Experimental Investigation on the Influence of Deep Cryogenic Soaking of Additive Manufactured SS 316L on Hardness and Corrosion Resistance

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Abstract

The influence of deep cryogenic soaking of additive manufactured stainless steel 316L (SS 316L) parts on hardness and corrosion resistance is investigated. The fabrication of SS 316L was carried out using selective laser melting (SLM). A Gaussian beam for laser energy dissemination was employed in SLM process to produce SS 316L specimens characterised by distinctive curved boundaries within the melt pool, resulting in a unique grain morphology featuring semicircular melt pool boundaries and layered patterns. The deep cryogenic soaking (DCS) process treatment, conducted at an ultra-low temperature of − 196 °C for an extended duration of 120 h immersed in liquid nitrogen medium, led to a significant improvement in the microstructure. An increased amount of fine-cellular grain microstructure was achieved, with an average grain size reduced from 1.01 ± 0.5 μm to 0.78 ± 0.5 μm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the DCS treatment did not alter the crystal structures, with both SLM and DCS specimens exhibiting the presence of the FCC-austenite phase. Surface roughness analysis indicated a noteworthy reduction following DCS treatment, with a 3.23% decrease in the average surface roughness (Ra) from 9.155 μm over the SLM SS 316L surface to 8.868 μm post-DCS exposure. Moreover, the mechanical properties exhibited substantial improvement, with SLM SS 316L samples having an average microhardness value of 193.16 HV, while DCS-treated samples exhibited an average microhardness value of 222.6 HV, marking a 15.24% enhancement attributed to grain structure refinement. XRD analysis also revealed peak broadening in DCS-treated specimens, suggesting the possibility of a more refined grain structure. This fine grain structure was found to hinder ion movement, resulting in a reduction in the corrosion rate from 0.004695 to 0.003965 mm/year. Although the improvement in corrosion resistance was marginal, it underscores the potential of DCS treatment in enhancing the resistance of SS 316L to corrosion.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Production Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, 620015, India

    N. K. Sreejith & V. Satheeshkumar

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, MLR Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, 500043, India

    Muhammed Anaz Khan

  3. Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), CEMILAC, Bangalore, 560037, India

    T. Ram Prabhu

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  1. N. K. Sreejith
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  3. Muhammed Anaz Khan
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Contributions

Mr. Sreejith NK He is the lead author of this engineering research paper, contributing extensively to the project's conception, design, and execution. His primary role involved conducting comprehensive literature reviews, identifying research gaps, and formulating the research objectives. Sreejith was instrumental in designing the experimental setup, overseeing data collection, and performing rigorous data analysis. He played a pivotal role in drafting the manuscript, synthesising the research findings, and generating insightful discussions. His expertise in experimental techniques and data interpretation greatly contributed to the overall success of this study. Dr. Satheeshkumar V, Dr. Satheeshkumar V brought his deep knowledge of materials science and engineering to this project. His contribution primarily focussed on the synthesis and characterisation of SLS SS 316L followed by DCS. He played a key role in designing the experimental procedures for material fabrication and conducted extensive material testing. His expertise in analysing material properties and their performance under various conditions significantly enriched the experimental results. Moreover, he was involved in interpreting material-related findings and their implications for the broader engineering context, making him instrumental in shaping the overall narrative of the paper. Dr. Muhammed Anaz Khan, Dr. Muhammed Anaz Khan Played a pivotal role in characterising the end results and conducting in-depth data analysis, providing critical insights that underpinned the study's conclusions. Author' expertise in data interpretation and result validation contributed significantly to the experimental design, data collection, and drafting of manuscript. Dr. Ram Prabhu T Dr. Ram Prabhu T assisted with the data collection and analysis, wrote and revised sections of the manuscript describing the data collection and analysis, and proofread the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to N. K. Sreejith.

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Sreejith, N.K., Satheeshkumar, V., Anaz Khan, M. et al. Experimental Investigation on the Influence of Deep Cryogenic Soaking of Additive Manufactured SS 316L on Hardness and Corrosion Resistance. High Temperature Corrosion of mater. 101, 369–388 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11085-024-10235-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11085-024-10235-0

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