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The magmatic origin of propylitic alteration of the Zhengguang epithermal Au-Zn deposit, Heilongjiang, China: evidence from mineral compositions and H–O-Sr isotopes

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Abstract

The origin of propylitic fluids in intermediate sulfidation mineralization has not been investigated in detail. Here, we present an extensive petrographic, geochemical, and isotopic (O-H-Sr) study of propylitic epidote, chlorite, and calcite from the Zhengguang intermediate sulfidation epithermal Au-Zn deposit, NE China. Propylitic minerals can be divided into three main types based on their different textural occurrences, namely interstitial cement of clasts of hydrothermal breccia, replacement of primary plagioclase or hornblende, and vein infill of cracks, with late, minor calcite as amygdules in vesicles of andesite representing a fourth textural occurrence. The H-O isotope compositions and mass balance calculations suggest that most propylitic epidote records a dominant (> 50%) contribution of magmatic fluids. The decrease of the average δ18\({\mathrm O}_{{\mathrm H}_2\mathrm O}\;\)values equilibrated with different types of epidote (cement 6.8 ± 0.7‰, replacement 5.1 ± 1.1‰, vein 4.5 ± 1.4‰, 1 SD), and the decreasing content of high-temperature elements (e.g., Cu-Mo) from cement, through replacement to vein epidote and chlorite, collectively indicates a decreasing role of magmatic fluids. Replacement epidote and chlorite are enriched in Sr-Mn-Y-Sb, whereas replacement epidote and calcite record similar (87Sr/86Sr)i values to the andesitic host rock, suggesting that replacement minerals inherit certain elements from plagioclase and hornblende, and the Sr isotope signature of the wall rocks. We highlight that propylitic alteration in epithermal deposits can involve significant proportions of magmatic fluids and texturally different alteration mineral types should be considered when using mineral isotopic or chemical compositions to track fluid sources or to vector towards the location of intrusive centers.

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Acknowledgements

Rui Liu, Ji-Hai Guo, Hai-Jun Liang, and Kuang-Yin Tong are thanked for arranging logistical support during field work, as are Chao Zhao, Zhen-Zhen Li, Lu-Ying Jin, Shi-Qiang Su, and Li Li, for their help during field work. We acknowledge Han-Bin Liu for help with H-O isotope analyses; Chao Huang, Yue-Heng Yang, and Chang-Tong He for assistance with Sr isotope analyses; Li-Hui Jia and Di Zhang for assistance with EPMA analysis; and Yan-Wen Tang, Jun-Hao Hu, and Shi-Tou Wu for help with the LA-ICP-MS analyses. LW appreciates the discussion with An-Ping Chen, Urs Schaltegger, Christian Verard, and Martin Senger. We thank Bing Xiao and Manuel Keith for constructive reviews, and Editor-in-Chief Bernd Lehmann and Associate Editor De-Gao Zhai for handling. An informal review by Jeff Hedenquist and comments from Lang Farmer and Adam Pacey on an early version of this manuscript are much appreciated.

Funding

This study was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42202085, 42122013, 42272080, 41802110), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M680666, 2021T140660), postdoctoral program of China Scholarship Council (202104910161), and National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC0601306).

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  1. Shen Gao

    Present address: School of Earth Science and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China

    Le Wang, Ming-Jian Cao, Shen Gao, Ke-Zhang Qin, Xin-Yu Zou & Guang-Ming Li

  2. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1205, Switzerland

    Le Wang & Massimo Chiaradia

  3. College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Ming-Jian Cao, Ke-Zhang Qin, Guo-Xue Song & Guang-Ming Li

  4. Geology Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, P7B 5E1, ON, Canada

    Pete Hollings

  5. Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China

    Xu-Yong Pang

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Contributions

Conceptualization (LW, KZQ); fieldwork (LW, KZQ, XYZ, GXS, XYP); petrography (LW, XYZ, GXS, XYP); analytical work (LW, MJC); interpretation (LW, MJC, SG, MC, PH, KZQ, XYZ); writing (LW); revising (LW, MC, PH, GXS, XYP, GML).

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Wang, L., Cao, MJ., Gao, S. et al. The magmatic origin of propylitic alteration of the Zhengguang epithermal Au-Zn deposit, Heilongjiang, China: evidence from mineral compositions and H–O-Sr isotopes. Miner Deposita (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-023-01243-2

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