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Diamond sources of the Juína region, Amazonian craton: textural and mineral chemical characteristics of Kimberley-type pyroclastic kimberlites

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Abstract

Juína is the second-largest diamond-producing municipality in Brazil and is globally known for its outstanding sublithospheric diamond occurrences in both placer and kimberlite-hosted deposits. However, the scarcity of petrological data for Juína kimberlite pipes hampers understanding the nature and mantle source of these primary diamond sources in this region. Here, we present a textural and mineralogical study of ten kimberlite pipes from the Juína area. Based on petrographic features and mineral compositions, we interpret the studied Juína pipes as archetypal kimberlites with pyroclastic emplacement styles filled with resedimented volcaniclastic kimberlite and Kimberley-type pyroclastic kimberlite variants. The composition and texture of the magmatic phases, particularly spinel and phlogopite, suggest crystallisation from kimberlite sensu stricto magmas. The presence of high-Na eclogitic garnets and the absence of high-Cr low-Ca G10 garnets within the mantle xenocryst suite suggest the likelihood of eclogitic diamonds among Juína's lithospheric diamond populations. The Zr and Y contents, Ti/Eu and Zr/Hf ratios in the peridotite garnets, and Zr contents, Ca/Al, LaN/YbN (primitive-mantle normalised), Ti/Eu, and Zr/Hf ratios in the clinopyroxenes suggest a solid connection to kimberlite melt-related mantle metasomatism. Thermobarometry calculations indicate a relatively narrow stability window (825–936 ºC and 32–36 kbar) for lithospheric diamonds in the Juína region. Our findings have important implications for regional diamond exploration programs, shedding light on the primary sources of Juína's diamonds and contributing to understanding the deep geological processes in the underlying lithospheric mantle beneath the Amazonian craton.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Marcos Mansueto, Leandro de Moraes, Isaac Sayeg and Mark Labbe for lab support. In addition, the authors also thank the reviewers Adam Abersteiner and Ashutosh Pandey for valuable improvements to this article. We also appreciate the editorial handling and contributions from Lutz Nasdala. ICN thanks the Geological Survey of Brazil – SGB/CPRM for granting permission and releasing the samples to develop this research. This study was financed by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo – FAPESP (2019/22084-8) and a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada – NSERC Discovery grant to Pearson.

Funding

This study was financed by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo – FAPESP (2019/22084–8) and a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada – NSERC Discovery grant to Pearson.

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  1. Geological Survey of Brazil – SGB/CPRM, Av. Alm. Alexandrino de Alencar, 1402, Tirol, Natal-RN, CEP 59015-350, Brazil

    Izaac Cabral-Neto & Francisco V. Silveira

  2. Institute of Geosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Lago, 562, São Paulo-SP, CEP 05508-080, Brazil

    Izaac Cabral-Neto, Excelso Ruberti & Rogério G. Azzone

  3. Diamond Exploration and Research Training School, Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada

    David Graham Pearson & Yan Luo

  4. Geological Survey of Brazil – SGB/CPRM, Rua Costa, 55, São Paulo-SP, CEP 01304-010 , Brazil

    Vidyã V. Almeida

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Contributions

I.C. designed the study, acquired and interpreted data, wrote the main manuscript text, and prepared all figures. E.R. and G.P. designed and supervised the study, interpreted data, and wrote the main manuscript text. Y.L. acquired data. R.A., F.S. and V.A. interpreted data and wrote the main manuscript text. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Izaac Cabral-Neto.

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Cabral-Neto, I., Ruberti, E., Pearson, D.G. et al. Diamond sources of the Juína region, Amazonian craton: textural and mineral chemical characteristics of Kimberley-type pyroclastic kimberlites. Miner Petrol 118, 1–22 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-023-00849-8

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