Skip to content
Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter Saur November 27, 2023

Memes to an End: Why Internet Memes Matter to Information Research

  • Bonnie J. Tulloch EMAIL logo
From the journal Libri

Abstract

This theoretical paper explores the significance of Internet memes to the field of information research. Adopting a constructivist framework, it conceptualizes memes as documents that undermine popular assumptions about people’s engagements with information. In particular, it argues that Internet memes are conceptual tools through which people can negotiate different representations of reality and the logics that underlie them. Through a close reading of several memetic examples, I propose that memes are a means through which Internet users document and test their values against those of others, thereby allowing them to explore the different courses of action associated with situations they encounter. Memetic communication is thus presented as an important new information literacy practice that has critical implications for the following research areas: education, freedom of expression, ethics and policy, and the preservation of cultural heritage.


Corresponding author: Bonnie J. Tulloch, School of Information, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, E-mail:

References

“About Know Your Meme”. n.d. Know Your Meme. https://knowyourmeme.com/about (accessed February 27, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Adam, uploader. n.d. “Oprah’s Shocked Reaction – Oprah Glass Box.” Know Your Meme. https://knowyourmeme.com/photos/2042877-oprahs-shocked-reaction#trending-bar (accessed February 27, 2023) (sourced from Twitter).Search in Google Scholar

Adam and andcallmeshirley. n.d. “Oprah’s Shocked Reaction.” Know Your Meme. https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/oprahs-shocked-reaction (accessed February 27, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Albright, J. 2017. “Welcome to the Era of Fake News.” Media and Communication 5 (2): 87–9. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v5i2.977.Search in Google Scholar

American Library, Association. 2014. “The Universal Right to Free Expression: An Interpretation of the Library Bill of Rights.” American Library Association. July 1, 2014. https://www.ala.org/advocacy/intfreedom/librarybill/interpretations/universalright (accessed February 27, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

American Library, Association. 2016. "Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education." Association of College & Research Libraries. January 11, 2016. https://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework (accessed February 25, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

andcallmeshirley, uploader. n.d. “Oprah’s Shocked Reaction – Cats Can Have a Little Salami (As a Treat).” Know Your Meme. https://knowyourmeme.com/photos/2052301-oprahs-shocked-reaction#trending-bar (accessed February 27, 2023) (sourced from Funny Memes-Cheezburger).Search in Google Scholar

Aunger, R. 2000. “Introduction.” In Darwinizing Culture: The Status of Memetics as a Science, edited by Robert Aunger, 1–23. New York: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192632449.003.0001Search in Google Scholar

Bakhtin, M. (1984) 2014. Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics, edited and translated by C. Emerson, introduction, W. C. Booth. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Search in Google Scholar

boyd, d. 2014. It’s Complicated: The Social Lives of Networked Teens. New Haven: Yale University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Bridget, uploader. n.d. “My Plans / 2020 - Thomas J.” Know Your Meme. https://knowyourmeme.com/photos/1853344-my-plans-2020 (accessed February 27, 2023) (sourced from Reddit).Search in Google Scholar

Brooks, D. 2016. “Letter of Complaint: Cards Against Humanity.” The New York Times Magazine. October 7, 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/07/magazine/letter-of-complaint-cards-against-humanity.html (accessed August 14, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Buckland, M. K. 1991. “Information as Thing.” Journal of the American Society for Information Science 42 (5): 351–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(199106)42:5<351::aid-asi5>3.0.co;2-3.10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(199106)42:5<351::AID-ASI5>3.0.CO;2-3Search in Google Scholar

Buckland, M. 2017. Information and Society. Cambridge: The MIT Press.10.7551/mitpress/10922.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

BuzzFeedVideo. n.d. “I Accidentally Became a Meme.” YouTube video playlist. Last updated on December 24, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5vtqDuUM1DmriObn4hC4F73IiAoDTgKW (accessed February 25, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Cornelius, I. 2014. “Epistemological Challenges for Information Science: Constructing Information.” In Theories of Information, Communication and Knowledge: A Multidisciplinary Approach, edited by F. Ibekwe-SanJuan, and T. M. Dousa, 181–203. Dordrecht: Springer.10.1007/978-94-007-6973-1_8Search in Google Scholar

Cutolo, M. n.d. “The 20 Funniest Memes of 2020.” Reader’s Digest Canada. https://www.readersdigest.ca/culture/best-memes-of-2020/ (accessed February 25, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Dawkins, R. (1976) 2016. The Selfish Gene, 40th anniversary ed. New York: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Day, R. E. 2001. The Modern Invention of Information: Discourse, History, and Power. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Department of Justice Canada. 2021. “Government of Canada Takes Action to Protect Canadians Against Hate Speech and Hate Crimes.” Canada.ca. Government of Canada. June 23, 2021. https://www.canada.ca/en/department-justice/news/2021/06/government-of-canada-takes-action-to-protect-canadians-against-hate-speech-and-hate-crimes.html (accessed November 13, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Dewey, J. (1938) 2013. Logic: The Theory of Inquiry. UK: Read Books Ltd.Search in Google Scholar

Dewey, C. 2016. “The Only True Winners of This Election Are Trolls.” The Washington Post. November 3, 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/11/03/the-only-true-winners-of-this-election-are-trolls/ (accessed August 14, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Don, uploader. n.d. “Oprah’s ‘You Get a Car’ – Image #525,268.” Know Your Meme. https://knowyourmeme.com/photos/525268-oprahs-you-get-a-car (accessed February 25, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Eichorn, K. 2019. The End of Forgetting: Growing Up with Social Media. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.10.4159/9780674239333Search in Google Scholar

Floridi, L. 2010. Information: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/actrade/9780199551378.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Gordon, J. 2020. “Elementary School Principal is Suing School District After Being Fired for Sharing Conservative Memes on Her Facebook Page Where She Said She’d Rather Vote for a Potato than Joe Biden.” DailyMail.Com. December 8. Updated December 9, 2020. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9033021/Elementary-school-principal-tells-fired-sharing-anti-Biden-conservative-memes.html (accessed August 14, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Government of British Columbia. n.d. “New Media 10.” BC’s Curriculum. https://curriculum.gov.bc.ca/curriculum/english-language-arts/10/new-media (accessed February 27, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Green, M. 2019. “Why Political Memes – Which are Virtually Unregulated – Matter to this Federal Election.” The Star. October 5, 2019. https://www.thestar.com/vancouver/2019/10/05/why-political-memes-which-are-virtually-unregulated-matter-to-this-federal-election.html (accessed August 14, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Haddow, D. 2016. “Meme Warfare: How the Power of Mass Replication has Poisoned the US Election.” The Guardian. November 4, 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/04/political-memes-2016-election-hillary-clinton-donald-trump (accessed August 14, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Heilweil, R. 2017. “Harvard Rescinds Admissions to 10 Students for Offensive Facebook Memes.” Forbes. June 5, 2017. https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccaheilweil1/2017/06/05/harvard-rescinds-10-admissions-offer-for-offensive-facebook-memes-ollowing-commencement-speaker-zuckerberg/?sh=22ee622b3dbd (accessed August 14, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

JafariNaimi, N., L. Nathan, and I. Hargraves. 2015. “Values as Hypotheses: Design, Inquiry, and the Service of Values.” Design Issues 31 (4): 91–104. https://doi.org/1162/DESI_a_00354.10.1162/DESI_a_00354Search in Google Scholar

Jenkins, H., S. Ford, and J. Green. 2013. Spreadable Media: Creating Value and Meaning in a Networked Culture. New York: New York University Press. ProQuest Ebook Central.Search in Google Scholar

Karadeglija, A. 2021. “Is C-10 a Bill Too Far?” National Post. May 25, 2021. https://nationalpost.com/news/is-c-10-a-bill-too-far (accessed August 14, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Katz, Y., and L. Shifman. 2017. “Making Sense? The Structure and Meanings of Digital Memetic Nonsense.” Information, Communication & Society 20 (6): 825–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1291702.Search in Google Scholar

Kennicott, P. 2019. “Museums Wants 2 Show U Memez Now. They Shud Be Careful.” The Washington Post, April 8, 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/museums-wants-2-show-u-memez-now-they-shud-be-careful/2019/04/05/6a44b5a4-559d-11e9-814f-e2f46684196e_story.html (accessed October 30, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Kleinman, Z. 2019. “Article 13: Memes Exempt as EU Backs Controversial Copyright Law.” BBC News. March 26, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-47708144 (accessed August 14, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Knobel, M., and C. Lankshear. 2007. “Online Memes, Affinities, and Cultural Production.” In A New Literacies Sampler, edited by M. Knobel, and C. Lankshear, 199–227. New York: Peter Lang.Search in Google Scholar

Kuhlthau, C. C. 2004. Seeking Meaning: A Process Approach to Library and Information Services, 2nd ed. Westport: Libraries Unlimited.Search in Google Scholar

Lang, C. 2020. “These are the Best Memes of 2020 so Far.” Time. June 26, 2020. https://time.com/5853677/best-memes-2020/ (accessed August 14, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Leazenby, L. 2020. “‘Life is but a Meme’: Humboldt Park Meme Museum is ‘Relatable’ in Difficult Times.” Chicago Tribune. September 13, 2020. https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-ent-humboldt-park-meme-museum-0911-20200913-caq26uwamngrdou3cogdialgxe-story.html (accessed November 12, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Lloyd, A. 2010. “Framing Information Literacy as Information Practice: Site Ontology and Practice Theory.” Journal of Documentation 66 (2): 245–58. https://doi.org/10.1108/00220411011023643.Search in Google Scholar

McIntyre, L. 2018. Post-truth. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.10.7551/mitpress/11483.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

McLuhan, M. 1967. Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man, 2nd ed. New York: The New American Library.Search in Google Scholar

Mielczarek, N., and W. W. Hopkins. 2021. “Copyright, Transformativeness, and Protection for Internet Memes.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 98 (1): 37–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699020950492.Search in Google Scholar

Milner, R. M. 2013. “FCJ-156 Hacking the Social: Internet Memes, Identity Antagonism, and the Logic of Lulz.” The Fibreculture Journal: Digital Media + Networks + Trandisciplinary Critique (22): 62–92, (accessed November 12, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Milner, R. M. 2016. The World Made Meme: Public Conversations and Participatory Media. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.10.7551/mitpress/9780262034999.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Mina, A. X. 2019. Memes to Movements: How the World’s Most Viral Media is Changing Social Protest and Power. Boston: Beacon Press.Search in Google Scholar

Natanson, H. 2017. “Harvard Rescinds Acceptances for at Least Ten Students for Obscene Memes.” The Harvard Crimson. June 5, 2017. https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2017/6/5/2021-offers-rescinded-memes/ (accessed August 14, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Nissenbaum, A., and L. Shifman. 2018. “Meme Templates as Expressive Repertoires in a Globalizing World: A Cross-Linguistic Study.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 23 (5): 294–310. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmy016.Search in Google Scholar

Policy Horizons Canada. 2018. “The Next Generation of Emerging Global Challenges.” Policy Horizons Canada. October 19, 2018. Government of Canada. https://horizons.gc.ca/en/2018/10/19/the-next-generation-of-emerging-global-challenges/ (accessed August 14, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Reinstein, J. 2020. “The 39 Most Defining Memes of 2020.” BuzzFeed News. December 11, 2020. https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/juliareinstein/best-2020-memes (accessed August 14, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Shifman, L. 2014. Memes in Digital Culture. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.10.7551/mitpress/9429.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Shifman, L. 2018. “Testimonial Rallies and the Construction of Memetic Authenticity.” European Journal of Communication 33 (2): 172–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118760320.Search in Google Scholar

Shifman, L. 2019. “Internet Memes and the Twofold Articulation of Values.” In Society and the Internet: How Networks of Information and Communication are Changing Our Lives, edited by M. Graham, and W. H. Dutton, 2nd ed., 43–57. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843498.003.0003 (accessed November 13, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Shoemake, R. 2019. “Here’s Why You Need to Play what Do You Meme? at Your Next Party.” BuzzFeed. January 7, 2019. https://www.buzzfeed.com/rebekahshoemake/what-do-you-meme-game-review (accessed August 14, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Sophie. n.d. “My Plans / 2020.” Know Your Meme. https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/my-plans-2020 (accessed February 27, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Stewart, S. (1980) 1989. Nonsense: Aspects of Intertextuality in Folklore and Literature. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Swinyard, H. 2019. “Pepe the Frog Creator Wins $15,000 Settlement against Infowars.” The Guardian. June 13, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jun/13/pepe-the-frog-creator-wins-15000-settlement-against-infowars (accessed August 14, 2023).10.1016/S1464-2859(19)30031-8Search in Google Scholar

Talja, S., K. Tuominen, and R. Savolainen. 2005. “‘Isms’ in Information Science: Constructivism, Collectivisim and Constructionism.” Journal of Documentation 61 (1): 79–101. https://doi.org/10.1108/00220410510578023.Search in Google Scholar

Tomberry. n.d. “Poe’s Law.” Know Your Meme. https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/poes-law (accessed February 27, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Treble, P. 2021. “Meghan and Harry’s Interview: A Royals Expert on What We Did and Didn’t Learn.” MacLean’s. March 8, 2021. https://www.macleans.ca/opinion/meghan-and-harrys-interview-a-royal-expert-on-what-we-did-and-didnt-learn/ (accessed August 14, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Trudel, J. 2013. “Return of the ‘Star Wars Kid’: In an Exclusive with L’actualité, Maclean’s Sister Publication, Ghyslain Raza Speaks for the First Time with Jonathan Trudel About the Infamous Video.” Maclean’s Magazine 126 (19–20): 28–9.Search in Google Scholar

Whitten, S. 2021. “17.1 Million Viewers Tuned in for Prince Harry and Meghan’s Interview with Oprah.” CNBC. March 8, 2021. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/08/meghan-markle-and-prince-harrys-cbs-interview-with-oprah-ratings.html (accessed October 30, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Williams, D. 2020. “Mom of Internet Star ‘Success Kid’ Threatens to Sue Rep. Steve King for Using His Meme in a Fundraising Ad Without Permission.” CNN. January 29, 2020. https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/29/politics/success-kid-steve-king-legal-trnd/index.html (accessed October 30, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Zach, uploader. n.d. “Will You Shut up Man – Daden.” Know Your Meme. https://knowyourmeme.com/photos/1904551-will-you-shut-up-man--2 (accessed February 27, 2023) (sourced from Instagram).Search in Google Scholar

Zach, uploader. n.d. “Will You Shut up Man – Lift.” Know Your Meme. https://knowyourmeme.com/photos/1904568-will-you-shut-up-man--2 (accessed February 27, 2023) (sourced from Facebook).Search in Google Scholar

Zach and andcallmeshirley. n.d. “Will You Shut up Man.” Know Your Meme. https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/will-you-shut-up-man--2 (accessed February 27, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Zieff, H., dir. My Girl. 1991. Culver City: Columbia Pictures, 1998. DVD.Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2021-06-30
Accepted: 2021-09-12
Published Online: 2023-11-27
Published in Print: 2023-12-15

© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 1.5.2024 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/libri-2021-0098/html
Scroll to top button