Abstract
Olivine (Fo80-88) from the Shitoukengde deposit exhibits low levels of Ca, Cr, and Al (< 220 ppm) and varying Ni content. The low Ca-Cr-Al contents in olivine and subsolidus temperatures (600–900 °C) indicated by olivine-spinel thermometers align with subsolidus equilibria, emphasizing substantial postcumulus modifications. Therefore, the postcumulus effect must be considered when applying olivine-spinel oxybarometers to intrusive rocks. Back-calculating the spinel Fe–Mg contents to magmatic temperature, the estimated oxidation fugacity (fO2) range between FQM − 1.5 and FQM − 3.0, approximately 0.5 to 1.5 ΔFQM more reduced compared to those calculated from the raw spinel composition. Moreover, the fO2 aligns with results obtained from the olivine-sulfide pair (FMQ − 3.0 to FMQ 0). The considerably reducing state and wide oxidation variation are consistent with the graphite occurrence within the reduced intervals and the systematic fO2 indicated by olivine V/Sc ratios. Combined with the wide olivine Ni range (200–1500 ppm) and the restricted Ni tenor in coexisting sulfides, those findings imply that the olivine-sulfide interaction was predominantly controlled by fO2. Diffusion modeling at magmatic temperatures reveals that the core-level Fe–Ni re-equilibration after crystallization requires hundreds of years. The homogeneous olivine composition suggests that re-equilibrium has been achieved in Shitoukengde. However, in fast cooling systems, olivine may record the status approaching olivine-sulfide equilibration, leading to extensive intragrain Ni variation (up to 1000 ppm). This study highlights that extreme Ni depletion in olivine from sulfide-bearing rocks is a sign of reducing conditions. Strongly Ni-rich olivine, such as those in the Kevitsa deposit, could result from interaction with high-Ni tenor sulfides at oxidizing conditions.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Wenjun Li, Lihui Jia, and Xu Tang for their assistance in LA-ICP-MS, electron microprobe, and XRF laboratory works. This manuscript was completed during the visit of YJM to Ruhr Bochum University, funded by the China Scholarship Council. The diffusion model could not have been accomplished without the lectures from Sumit Chakraborty and Ralf Dohmen. The comments and suggestions from Jun Duan on the first draft improved the manuscript. G. S. Nikolaev is acknowledged for sharing the olivine-spinel pair dataset and for helpful discussion on interpreting the olivine-spinel oxygen barometer results. Our sincere thanks go to Steve Barnes and Chusi Li for their thorough and constructive reviews. Additionally, we are grateful to Wolfgang Maier and Bernd Lehmann for their meticulous and efficient editorial handling.
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Financial support for this research was generously provided by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (Grant No. 2019QZKK0806), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (92162323, 41830430, 42072105, and 41872094), and the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS.
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Mao, YJ., Zheng, X., Pan, T. et al. Redox-controlled olivine-sulfide equilibration of the Shitoukengde Ni–Cu deposit in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its implications. Miner Deposita 59, 577–599 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-023-01215-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-023-01215-6