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Lithium and oxygen isotopic constraints on the source and evolution of ore-forming fluids: a case study from the Shuiyindong Carlin-type gold deposit, SW China

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Abstract

Carlin-type gold deposits are among the most important gold-bearing hydrothermal ore systems and are mainly located in Nevada, USA, and southwestern China. However, the source and evolution of the ore-forming fluids for these deposits remain controversial, especially those found within China. In this study, lithium and oxygen isotopic analyses of quartz-hosted fluid inclusions are used to elucidate the source and evolution of the giant Shuiyindong Carlin-type gold deposit. Fluid inclusions trapped in quartz of three distinct genetic stages have low salinity (0.8–6.3wt% NaCl equiv.) and moderate temperature (154–343 °C), but display variable Li and O isotope signatures. The Li and O isotopes of stage I fluids (δ7Li values from + 5.1 to + 9.1‰; δ18O values from + 6.3 to + 10.0‰) indicate predominantly a magmatic source for the initial ore-forming fluids. The large variations of Li and O isotopes of stage II fluids (δ7Li values from + 9.3 to + 16.0‰; δ18O values from + 0.1 to + 7.7‰) suggest that the fluids are controlled by mixing of magmatic fluids and meteoric water, which in turn triggered the precipitation of gold-bearing sulfides. The isotopic compositions of stage III fluids (δ7Li values from + 15.5 to + 22.8‰; δ18O values from − 5.4 to − 2.8‰) confirm that the final fluids are dominated by meteoric water. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that the combined Li–O isotopic analysis of fluid inclusions is a powerful tracer to decode the source and evolution of ore-forming fluids in hydrothermal mineralizing systems.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Mr. Ting Zhou and Ms. Min Wang for helping with Li isotope analyses, to Mr. Jiayi Feng for helping with O isotope analyses, and to Ms. Jiali Cai for assistance in fluid inclusion observation. We appreciate the constructive comments and suggestions of Patrick Carr, Matthieu Harlaux, and an anonymous reviewer, which significantly improved the quality of data interpretation of the manuscript. We are grateful to Yang Li (Associate Editor) and Bernd Lehmann (Editor-in-Chief) for their constructive comments and promoting handling of the manuscript.

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This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41830432, U1812402).

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  1. State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China

    Ningning Hu, Ruizhong Hu, Shanling Fu, Jiehua Yang & Chongguang Luo

  2. College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Ningning Hu & Ruizhong Hu

  3. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA

    Heng Chen

  4. State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, Jiangxi, China

    Lin Xu

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Hu, N., Hu, R., Chen, H. et al. Lithium and oxygen isotopic constraints on the source and evolution of ore-forming fluids: a case study from the Shuiyindong Carlin-type gold deposit, SW China. Miner Deposita 59, 313–328 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-023-01211-w

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