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Origin and tectonic environment of the Longbohe Fe-Cu-(LREE) deposit in the Ailao Shan–Red River shear zone, Southwest China: a Neoproterozoic subduction-related IOCG deposit?

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Abstract

The Longbohe Fe-Cu-(LREE) deposit in the Longbohe–Sin Quyen (LSQ) Fe-Cu belt in the border zone of South China and northern Vietnam has a resource of > 1 million tonnes Cu, and was once speculated to be a potentially important subduction-related deposit of Precambrian age, but with poor constraints. Our study reveals that the major Fe-, Cu-, and LREE mineralization comprises three stages and are comparable to typical IOCG deposits worldwide. Stage I is characterized by pervasive Na alteration, followed by Fe mineralization stage (Stage II) consisting of Ti-poor magnetite associated with Ca-Na alteration forming amphibole and albite. Stage III, the Cu-LREE mineralization stage, is composed mainly of chalcopyrite and REE-rich allanite with minor pyrrhotite and pyrite. Stages I and II formed at broadly comparable temperatures of 515 to 670 ºC, and have δ18O fluid values of 4.3 to 11.7 ‰, indicating dominantly magmatic fluids. Furthermore, they have hydrothermal zircon with εHf(t) values (7.5 to 12.7) similar to coeval mafic intrusions in the region, likely indicating a mafic magma-source for the fluids. Stage III fluids have lower temperatures (332 to 402 ºC) but exhibit magmatic-like δ34S values (1.2 to 3.7 ‰) similarly suggestive of a major magmatic source. However, they have distinctly lower εHf(t) and εNd(t) values comparable to those of coeval regional felsic intrusions, suggesting that an additional component of REE-rich external fluid from felsic magmas was involved during the Cu-REE mineralization. Hydrothermal zircons from Stages II and III have similar U–Pb ages of ~ 850 Ma, providing tight constraints on the timing of Fe-Cu mineralization. The new U–Pb ages indicate that the Longbohe deposit is coeval with the Sin Quyen IOCG deposit in northern Vietnam, and with the regional subduction-related magmatism, indicating that the Longbohe–Sin Quyen belt is of Neoproterozoic age and formed in a convergent setting.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Dr. Chengbiao Leng and Ronglin Ma for their help during field work. Dr. Jianfeng Gao, Yanwen Tang, Youwei Chen, Zhihui Dai, Jing Gu and Mr. Xiang Li from Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Dr. Kaiyun Chen from Northwest University (China) are thanked for their help with data collection. This manuscript was profoundly improved thanks to the constructive comments by two anonymous reviewers, and editorial handling by Prof. Bernd Lehmann and Prof. Ruizhong Hu.

Funding

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42121003, U2202210) and the West Light Foundation of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. xbzg-zdsys-202205).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China

    Lei Liu & Wei Terry Chen

  2. College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Lei Liu, Wei Terry Chen & Xiao-Chun Li

  3. Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China

    Xiao-Chun Li

  4. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China

    Xin-Fu Zhao

  5. School of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China

    Xin-Fu Zhao

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  1. Lei Liu
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Correspondence to Wei Terry Chen.

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Liu, L., Chen, W.T., Li, XC. et al. Origin and tectonic environment of the Longbohe Fe-Cu-(LREE) deposit in the Ailao Shan–Red River shear zone, Southwest China: a Neoproterozoic subduction-related IOCG deposit?. Miner Deposita 59, 23–46 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-023-01198-4

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