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Compositional evolution of igneous garnets: calcic garnets from alkaline rocks of Terskiy Coast (Kola Alkaline Carbonatite Province)

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Abstract

The study examined garnets in lamprophyric and carbonatitic dykes and massif melilitolites from the Devonian Kola Alkaline Carbonatite Province (North-Eastern European craton). We analyzed major and trace element compositions of garnet in 14 well-characterized samples of aillikite, carbonatite, alnöites, monchiquites, nephelinite and turjaites and correlated the garnet zoning with the sequence of magmatic crystallization and late deuteric changes. The garnets occur in all textural positions, from early phenocrysts to groundmass phases and deuteric pseudomorphs. The garnets are calcic and classified into five compositional types, 1) high-Zr, 2) high-Ti, 3) medium-Ti, 4) low-Ti, and 5) high-Al. These garnet types combine in distinct ways comprising four zoning patterns (turjaite, nephelinite, monchiquite and carbonate-related) repeated in different rock types. Fractional crystallization controls the observed garnet evolution from high-Ti and high-Zr to garnets poorer in Ti, but richer in Al. Garnets progressing from magmatic to deuteric crystallization evolve from heavy rare earth elements (HREE)-enriched to light rare earth elements (LREE)-enriched and become depleted in trace elements. We interpret high-Zr garnets as antecrysts crystallized from deep alkaline carbonate-rich melts and subsequently destabilized in evolved shallow lamprophyric melts. High-Al garnets have late magmatic or deuteric origin as they replace melilite or carbonate, have low Y/Ho ratio and occur only in a location where carbonatites formed by melt and fluid immiscibility. Significant compositional changes accompanying magmatic crystallization and variations in accessory mineralogy in a single rock type result in a very wide range of major and trace element compositions of garnets and complicate their use as petrogenetic indicators.

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Acknowledgements

The electron microscopy and a quantitative analysis of most garnet compositions was carried out at the Laboratory of Analytical Techniques of High Spatial Resolution in the Geology Department, the Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia. Analysis of a few representative garnet samples on Hitachi S-3400N were carried out at the Geomodel Research Center (St. Petersburg State University, Russia). Trace element concentrations of garnets were determined at the Valiev Institute of Physics and Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yaroslavl Branch, Russia. The authors thank Natalia N. Korataeva for help with the scanning electron microscopy, Sergey G. Simakin and Evgeniy V. Potapov for SIMS analysis. We are grateful to Andrey A. Arzamastsev and Alexey V. Kargin for help with the fieldwork and Irina T. Rass for valuable comments on earlier versions of the manuscript. We thank two anonymous reviewers and editor Anton Chakhmouradian for improving the manuscript.

Funding

The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation under Grant 19-17-00024.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina 19, Moscow, 119991, Russia

    Alexey A. Vozniak, Maya G. Kopylova, Anna A. Nosova, Liudmila V. Sazonova & Natalia M. Lebedeva

  2. Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy, and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (IGEM RAS), Staromonetny 35, 119017, Moscow, Russia

    Alexey A. Vozniak, Anna A. Nosova & Natalia M. Lebedeva

  3. The University of British Columbia, 2207 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada

    Maya G. Kopylova

  4. Geological Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, GSP-1, 119, Moscow, Russian Federation

    Liudmila V. Sazonova

  5. Institute of Precambrian Geology and Geochronology, Makarova Embankment, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Makarova Embankment, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation

    Maria V. Stifeeva

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  1. Alexey A. Vozniak
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Vozniak, A.A., Kopylova, M.G., Nosova, A.A. et al. Compositional evolution of igneous garnets: calcic garnets from alkaline rocks of Terskiy Coast (Kola Alkaline Carbonatite Province). Miner Petrol 117, 553–571 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-023-00819-0

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