Abstract
In Generative Linguistics of the past 40 years an ever increasing stress was put on the intricacies of the information load contributed by morpho-syntactic structure above the level of the root. Roots, seen as naked roots, entities without grammatical categories and arguments to be introduced into morpho-syntactic representations of clauses, contain basic encyclopaedic and phonological information. This paper seeks to show that the information coded by roots has to be more extensive; Roots representing Mental Property meanings in Polish have to apportion eventive arguments to explain diversities in the production of morpho-syntactic structures. To capture some interesting facts about the complementation of Mental Property adjectives in Polish and eventive implications of their cognate nominals, we have to resort to the representation of roots as entities responsible for apportioning arguments. Otherwise, our model would lack descriptive adequacy and it would make wrong predictions about Mental Property morpho-syntax of Polish. Extensive material of Polish Mental Property adjectival and nominal forms shows that eventiveness of some Mental Property adjectives and nominals is not a property of morpho-syntactic structures building such forms, but rather an idiosyncratic property of individual roots with Mental Property meanings. These findings may suggest that Mental Property adjectives and nominals in other languages may require a re-analyses which would take under consideration a possible non-structural, but lexical source of their eventiveness.
References
Acquaviva, Paolo. 2008. Roots and lexicality in distributed morphology. https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/handle/10197/4148 (accessed 10 April 2022).Search in Google Scholar
Adger, David & Gillian Ramchand. 2003. Predication and equation. Linguistic Inquiry 34(3). 325–359. https://doi.org/10.1162/002438903322247515.Search in Google Scholar
Alexiadou, Artemis. 2001. Functional structure in nominals: Nominalization and ergativity. Linguistik Aktuell 42. Amsterdam: Benjamins.10.1075/la.42Search in Google Scholar
Alexiadou, Artemis. 2009. On the role of syntactic locality in morphological processes: The case of (Greek) nominals. In Anastasia Giannakidou & Monika Rathert (eds.), Quantification, definiteness and nominalization, 253–280. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780199541089.003.0011Search in Google Scholar
Alexiadou, Artemis. 2010. On the morpho-syntax of (anti)causative verbs. In Malka Rappaport Hovav, Edit Doron & Ivy Sichel (eds.), Lexical semantics, syntax, and event structure, 177–203. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199544325.003.0009Search in Google Scholar
Alexiadou, Artemis & Jane Grimshaw. 2008. Verbs, nouns and affixation. In Florian Schäfer (ed.), SinSpeC 1 (Working Papers of the SFB 732), 1–16. Stuttgart: University of Stuttgart.Search in Google Scholar
Arad, Maya. 2005. Roots and patterns: Hebrew morpho-syntax. Dordrecht: Springer.Search in Google Scholar
Arche, Maria J., Antonio Fábregas & Rafael Marín. 2021. On event-denoting deadjectival nominalizations. The Linguistic Review 38(2). 191–231. https://doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2021-2063.Search in Google Scholar
Baker, Mark. 2003. Lexical categories: Verbs, nouns, and adjectives. Cambridge Studies in Linguistics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511615047Search in Google Scholar
Bloch-Trojnar, Maria. 2013. The mechanics of transposition: A study of action nominalisations in English, Irish and Polish. Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL.Search in Google Scholar
Bloch-Trojnar, Maria. to appear. The structure of r-nominals in -nie/-cie in Polish and the factors conditioning their emergence. Rocz Humanist 6.Search in Google Scholar
Borer, Hagit. 2003. Exo-skeletal vs. endo-skeletal explanations: syntactic projections and the lexicon. In John Moore & Maria Polinsky (eds.), The nature of explanation in linguistic theory, 31–67. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.Search in Google Scholar
Borer, Hagit. 2005a. Structuring sense: In name only. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199263905.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Borer, Hagit. 2005b. Structuring sense: The normal course of events. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199263929.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Bowers, John. 1993. The syntax of predication. Linguistic Inquiry 24(4). 591–656.Search in Google Scholar
Carlson, Gregory. 1977. Reference to kinds in English. New York & London: Garland Publishing, Inc.Search in Google Scholar
Chalker, Sylvia. 1996. Collins Cobuild English guides 9: Linking words. London: Harper Collins.Search in Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 1981. Lectures on government and binding. The Pisa lectures. Dordrecht: Foris.Search in Google Scholar
Davidson, Donald. 1967. The logical form of action sentences. In Nicholas Rescher (ed.), The logic of decision and action, 81–95. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Search in Google Scholar
Diesing, Molly. 1988. Bare plural subjects and the stage/individual contrast. In Manfred Krifka (ed.), Genericity in natural language: Proceedings of the 1988 Tübingen Conference, 107–154. Tübingen: University of Tübingen.Search in Google Scholar
Di Sciullo, Anna Maria & Edwin Williams. 1987. On the definition of word. Linguistic Inquiry Monographs 14. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar
Embick, David. 2009. Roots, states, and stative passives. Abstract for Root Workshop. University of Stuttgart, 10–12 June.Search in Google Scholar
Embick, David & Morris Halle. 2005. On the status of Stems in morphological theory. In Twan Geerts, Ivo van Ginneken & Haike Jacobs (eds.), Romance languages and linguistic theory 2003, 37–62. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/cilt.270.03embSearch in Google Scholar
Fábregas, Antonio & Rafael Marín. 2012a. State nouns are Kimian states. Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory 2010. 41–64.10.1075/rllt.4.03fabSearch in Google Scholar
Fábregas, Antonio & Rafael Marín. 2012b. The role of Aktionsart in deverbal nouns: State nominalizations across languages. Journal of Linguistics 48(1). 35–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022226711000351.Search in Google Scholar
Grimshaw, Jane. 1990. Argument structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar
Grzegorczykowa, Renata & Jadwiga Puzynina. 1999. Rzeczownik [Verb]. In Renata Grzegorczykowa, Roman Laskowski & Henryk Wróbel (eds.), Gramatyka Współczesnego Języka Polskiego: Morfologia [The grammar of modern Polish: Morphology], 3rd edn., 389–468. Warszawa: PWN.Search in Google Scholar
Hale, Ken & Samuel Keyser. 1993. On the argument structure and the argument expression of syntactic relations. In Ken Hale & Samuel Keyser (eds.), The view from building 20, 53–109. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar
Harley, Heidi. 1995. Subjects, events, and licensing. Cambridge MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology dissertation.Search in Google Scholar
Higginbotham, James. 1983. The logic of perceptual reports: An extensional alternative to situation semantics. Journal of Philosophy 80(2). 100–127. https://doi.org/10.2307/2026237.Search in Google Scholar
Higginbotham, James. 1985. On semantics. Linguistic Inquiry 16(4). 547–593.Search in Google Scholar
Higginbotham, James. 2000. On events in linguistic semantics. In Higginbotham James, Fabio Pianesi & Achille Varzi (eds.), Speaking of events, 49–79. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780195128079.003.0002Search in Google Scholar
Higginbotham, James & Gillian Ramchand. 1997. The stage-level/individual-level distinction and the mapping hypothesis. Oxford University Working Papers in Linguistics, Philology and Phonetics 2. 53–83.Search in Google Scholar
Rappaport Hovav, Malka & Beth Levin. 1998. Building verb meaning. In Miriam Butt & Wilhelm Geuder (eds.), The projection of arguments, 97–134. Stanford: CSLI.Search in Google Scholar
Iordăchioaia, Gianina. 2019. The root derivation of psychological nominals: Implications for competing overt and zero nominalizers. Bucharest Working Papers in Linguistics 21. 57–79. https://doi.org/10.31178/bwpl.21.2.3.Search in Google Scholar
Iordăchioaia, Gianina. 2020. Categorization and nominalization in zero nominals. In Artemis Alexiadou & Hagit Borer (eds.), Nominalization, 231–254. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780198865544.003.0010Search in Google Scholar
Kamp, Hans & Barbara Partee. 1995. Prototype theory and compositionality. Cognition 57(2). 129–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(94)00659-9.Search in Google Scholar
Kennedy, Chris. 2007. Vagueness and grammar: The semantics of relative and absolute gradable adjectives. Linguistics and Philosophy 30(1). 1–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10988-006-9008-0.Search in Google Scholar
Kiparsky, Paul. 1973. Elsewhere’ in phonology. In Stephen R. Anderson & Paul Kiparsky (eds.), A Festschrift for Morris Halle, 93–106. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Search in Google Scholar
Kratzer, Angelika. 1989. Stage-level and individual-level predicates. In Emmon Bach, Angelika Kratzer & Barbara Partee (eds.), Papers on quantification. Amherst: University of Massachusetts.Search in Google Scholar
Kratzer, Angelika. 1995. Stage-level and individual-level predicates. In Gregory Carlson & Francis Pelletier (eds.), The generic book, 125–175. Chicago: Chicago University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Lohndal, Terie. 2014. Phrase structure and argument structure: A case study of the syntax-semantics interface. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677115.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Maienborn, Claudia. 2003. Die Logische Form von Kopula-Sätzen. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.10.1524/9783050082271Search in Google Scholar
Maienborn, Claudia. 2005. On the limits of Davidsonian approach: The case of copula sentences. Theoretical Linguistics 31(3). 275–316.10.1515/thli.2005.31.3.275Search in Google Scholar
Maienborn, Claudia. 2007. On Davidsonian and Kimian states. In Ileana Comorovski & Klaus von Heusinger (eds.), Existence: Semantics and syntax, 107–130. Dordrecht: Kluwer.10.1007/978-1-4020-6197-4_4Search in Google Scholar
Maienborn, Claudia. 2019. Events and states. In Robert Truswell (ed.), The Oxford handbook of event structure, 50–89. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199685318.013.6Search in Google Scholar
Maienborn, Claudia & Martin Schäfer. 2011. Adverbs and adverbials. In Klaus von Heusinger, Claudia Maienborn & Paul Portner (eds.), Semantics: An international handbook of natural language meaning 2, 1390–1420. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Search in Google Scholar
Malicka-Kleparska, Anna. to appear. Derivation of nominals corresponding to object experiencer verbs (OEVs) in roz- in Polish. Rocz Humanist 6.Search in Google Scholar
Marantz, Alec. 1984. On the nature of grammatical relations. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar
Marantz, Alec. 1997. No escape from syntax: Don’t try morphological analysis in the privacy of your own lexicon. In Alexis Ditriadis (ed.), Proceedings of the 21st Annual Penn Linguistics Colloquium. Working Papers in Linguistics 4, 201–225. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia.Search in Google Scholar
Marantz, Alec. 2001. Words. In Handout for West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics 20. University of Southern California, 23–25 February 2001.Search in Google Scholar
Marantz, Alec. 2005. Objects out of the lexicon: Objects as events. In Handout presented at the University of Vienna, 11 June 2005.Search in Google Scholar
Menzel, Peter. 1975. Semantics and syntax in complementation. The Hague, Paris: De Gruyter Mouton.10.1515/9783110820560Search in Google Scholar
Partee, Barbara. 2010. Privative adjectives: Subsective plus coercion. In Rainer Bäuerle, Uwe Reyle & Thomas Zimmermann (eds.), Presuppositions and discourse: Essays offered to Hans Kamp, 273–285. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing.10.1163/9789004253162_011Search in Google Scholar
Parsons, Terence. 1990. Events in the semantics of English: A study in subatomic semantics. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar
Parsons, Terence. 2000. Underlying events and time travel. In James Higginbotham, Fabio Pianesi & Achille Varzi (eds.), Speaking of events, 81–93. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780195128079.003.0003Search in Google Scholar
Przepiórkowski, Adam, Mirosław Bańko, Rafał Górski & Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk (eds.). 2012. Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego [National corpus of Polish]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.Search in Google Scholar
Ramchand, Gillian. 2008. Verb meaning and the lexicon: A first phase syntax. New York: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511486319Search in Google Scholar
Roy, Isabelle. 2010. Deadjectival nominalizations and the structure of the adjective. In Artemis Alexiadou & Monika Rathert (eds.), The syntax of nominalizations across languages and frameworks, 129–158. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter Mouton.10.1515/9783110245875.129Search in Google Scholar
Schmid, Hans-Jörg. 2000. English abstract nouns as conceptual shells. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter Mouton.10.1515/9783110808704Search in Google Scholar
Stowell, Tim. 1991. The alignment of arguments in adjective phrases. In Perspectives on phrase structure (Syntax and semantics 25), 105–135. San Diego: Academic Press.10.1163/9789004373198_007Search in Google Scholar
Svenonius, Peter. 1994. C-selection as feature-checking. Studia Linguistica 48(2). 133–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9582.1994.tb00853.x.Search in Google Scholar
Szymanek, Bogdan. 2015. A panorama of Polish word-formation, Second revised edition. Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL.Search in Google Scholar
Wiland, Bartosz. 2021. Polish deadjectival nouns as nominalized adverbs. Studies in Polish Linguistics 16(4). 207–227. https://doi.org/10.4467/23005920spl.21.010.14678.Search in Google Scholar
Williams, Edwin. 1981. Argument structure and morphology. The Linguistic Review 1(1). 81–114.10.1515/tlir.1981.1.1.81Search in Google Scholar
Wojciechowski, Eugeniusz. 2015. O logice przymiotników [About the logics of adjectives]. Kwartalnik Filozoficzny 43. 15–32.Search in Google Scholar
© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
