Abstract
Despite an increase in ethnic diversity within the country, the English language teaching workforce remains undeniably binary in Korea. Using an intersectionality lens, this study was an exploration of the racialized experiences of one Ugandan female teacher of English working in Korean ELT. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to investigate how she perceived herself as an English speaker and teacher and how Koreans’ stereotypes of ideal English teachers and Black people affected her professional identity and self-perceptions. Findings suggest that the Ugandan woman was rejected by the formal accreditation process and faced considerable challenges in her efforts to be accepted as a qualified English teacher in Korea. On the other hand, she perceived herself as a native-like English speaker and a fully qualified English teacher with an MA degree in TESOL and years of English teaching experience. This study reveals not only the practical difficulties of a biased assessment system, but also the narrow discourse concerning who can legitimately be recognized as an English teacher in Korea, which is at odds with the Korean policy of a pursuing multicultural society and honoring diversity and with the global trend of recognizing multiple English.
Acknowledgments
The author would like to express her sincere gratitude to Critical Pedagogy SIG members for sharing the ideas and the referees who provided generous and constructive feedback throughout the entire review process. She would also like to thank the participant of the study who was willing to share her story and allow me to write about it.
-
Conflict of interest statement: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
References
Aneja, Geeta A. 2016. (Non) native speakered: Rethinking (non) nativeness and teacher identity in TESOL teacher education. Tesol Quarterly 50(3). 572–596. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.315.Search in Google Scholar
Archibald, Mandy M., Rachel C. Ambagtsheer, Mavourneen G. Casey & Michael Lawless. 2019. Using zoom videoconferencing for qualitative data collection: Perceptions and experiences of researchers and participants. International Journal of Qualitative Methods 18. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406919874596.Search in Google Scholar
Availble at: https://www.immigration.go.kr/. Search in Google Scholar
Availble at: https://www.law.go.kr/. Search in Google Scholar
Availble at: https://www.refworld.org/. Search in Google Scholar
Availble at: https://www.moj.gk.kr/. Search in Google Scholar
Balgoa, Nelia G. 2019. Filipino English teachers in Japan: “Nonnativeness” and the teaching and learning of English. Journal of Language Teaching and Research 10(2). 256–263. https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1002.06.Search in Google Scholar
Blakeney, Alda M. 2005. Antiracist pedagogy: Definition, theory, and professional development. Journal of Curriculum and Pedagogy 2(1). 119–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/15505170.2005.10411532.Search in Google Scholar
Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo. 2004. From bi-racial to tri-racial: Towards a new system of racial stratification in the USA. Ethnic and Racial Studies 27(6). 931–950. https://doi.org/10.1080/0141987042000268530.Search in Google Scholar
Bowleg, Lisa. 2012. The problem with the phrase women and minorities: Intersectionality—an important theoretical framework for public health. American Journal of Public Health 102(7). 1267–1273. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2012.300750.Search in Google Scholar
Braine, George. 2010. Nonnative speaker English teachers: Research, pedagogy, and professional growth. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9780203856710Search in Google Scholar
Charles, Quansha D. 2019. Black teachers of English in South Korea: Constructing identities as a native English speaker and English language teaching professional. TESOL Journal 10(4). e478. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesj.478.Search in Google Scholar
Choe, Hohsung & Youngjoo Seo. 2021. Negotiating teacher identity: Experiences of Black teachers of English in Korean ELT. English Today 37(3). 148–155. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0266078419000531.Search in Google Scholar
Chun, Sun Young. 2014. EFL learners’ beliefs about native and non-native English-speaking teachers: Perceived strengths, weaknesses, and preferences. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 35(6). 563–579. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2014.889141.Search in Google Scholar
Collins, Patricia Hall. 2009. Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment, 2nd edn. New York: Routledge.10.3395/reciis.v2i2.221ptSearch in Google Scholar
Collins, Patricia Hall. 2019. Intersectionality as critical social theory. Durham: Duke University Press.10.1215/9781478007098Search in Google Scholar
Cook, Vivian. 1999. Going beyond the native speaker in language teaching. Tesol Quarterly 33. 185–209. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587717.Search in Google Scholar
Cook, Vivian. 2007. The goals of ELT: Reproducing native speakers or promoting multi-competence among second language users? In Jim Cummins & Chris Davison (eds.), International handbook of English language teaching, 237–248. New York: Springer.10.1007/978-0-387-46301-8_18Search in Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberle. 1989. Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of anti-discrimination doctrine. 139–168. Chicago: University of Chicago Legal Forum.Search in Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberle. 2011. From private violence to mass incarceration: Thinking intersectionally about women, race, and social control. UCLA Law Review 59. 1418.Search in Google Scholar
Crystal, David. 2003. English as a global language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511486999Search in Google Scholar
Cumings, Bruce. 2005. Korea’s place in the sun: A modern history, updated edition. New York: W. W. Norton.Search in Google Scholar
Curtis, Andy & Mary Romney. 2006. Color, race, and English language teaching: Shades of meaning. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.Search in Google Scholar
Davies, Alan, Liz Ham-Lyons & Charlotte Kemp. 2003. Whose norms? International proficiency tests in English. World Englishes 22(4). 571–584. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971x.2003.00324.x.Search in Google Scholar
Falcón, Sylvanna M. 2012. Transnational feminism and contextualized intersectionality at the 2001 world conference against racism. Journal of Women’s History 24(4). 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2012.0050.Search in Google Scholar
Floris, Flora D. & Willy A. Renandya. 2020. Promoting the value of non-native English-speaking teachers. PASAA: A Journal of Language Teaching and Learning in Thailand 59. 1–19.Search in Google Scholar
Galloway, Nicola & Heath Rose. 2018. Incorporating global Englishes into the ELT classroom. ELT Journal 72(1). 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccx010.Search in Google Scholar
Gay, Gevena. 2018. Culturally responsive teaching: Theory, resarch, and practice. New York: Teachers College Press.Search in Google Scholar
Grant, Rachel A. & Incho Lee. 2009. The ideal English speaker: A juxtaposition of globalization and language policy in South Korea and racialized language attitudes in the United States. In Ryuko Kubota & Angel M. Y. Lin (eds.), Race, culture, and identities in second language education: Exploring critically engaged practice, 44–63. New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Holliday, Adrian. 2005. The struggle to teach English as an international language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Holliday, Adrian. 2006. Native-speakerism. ELT Journal 60(4). 385–387. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccl030.Search in Google Scholar
Ironsi, Chinaza Solomon. 2021. African immigrant teachers teaching young EFL learners: A racial discrimination study. IAFOR Journal of Education 9(1). 59–76. https://doi.org/10.22492/ije.9.1.04.Search in Google Scholar
Jenkins, Jennifer. 2000. The phonology of English as an international language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Jenkins, Jennifer. 2015. Repositioning English and multilingualism in English as a lingua franca. Englishes in Practice 2(3). 49–85. https://doi.org/10.1515/eip-2015-0003.Search in Google Scholar
Jenks, Christopher Joseph. 2017. Race and ethnicity in English language teaching: Korea in focus. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781783098439Search in Google Scholar
Jeon, Mihyun. 2009. Globalization and native English speakers in English programme in Korea (EPIK). Language Culture and Curriculum 22(3). 231–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908310903388933.Search in Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B. 1985. Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the Outer Circle. In Quirk Randolph & Henry G. Widdowson (eds.), English in the world, 11–30. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Kamhi-Stein, Lia D. 2004. Learning and teaching from experience: Perspectives on NNES English speaking professionals. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.10.3998/mpub.9648Search in Google Scholar
Kayi-Aydar, Hayriye. 2018. “If Carmen can analyze Shakespeare, everybody can”: Positions, conflicts, and negotiations in the narratives of Latina pre-school service teachers. Journal of Language, Identity and Education 17(2). 118–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2017.1415759.Search in Google Scholar
Kim, Hyein Amber. 2020. Understanding “Koreanness”: Racial stratification and colorism in Korea and implications for Korean multicultural education. International Journal of Multicultural Education 22(1). 76–97. https://doi.org/10.18251/ijme.v22i1.1834.Search in Google Scholar
Kim, Stephanie K. & Lupita H. R. Kim. 2012. The need for multicultural education in South Korea. The immigration & education nexus, 243–251. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.10.1007/978-94-6091-820-9_15Search in Google Scholar
Kubota, Ryuko. 2001. Discursive construction of the images of US classrooms. Tesol Quarterly 35(1). 9–37. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587858.Search in Google Scholar
Kubota, Ryuko. 2009. Rethinking the superiority of the native speaker: Toward a relational understanding of power. In Neriko Musha Doerr (ed.), Native speaker concept: Ethnographic investigations of native speaker effects, 233–248. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110220957.233Search in Google Scholar
Kubota, Ryuko. 2021. Critical antiracist pedagogy in ELT. ELT Journal 75(3). 237–246. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccab015.Search in Google Scholar
Kubota, Ryuko & Donna Fujimoto. 2013. 14. Racialized native speakers: Voices of Japanese American English language professionals. Native-Speakerism in Japan, 196–206. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781847698704-018Search in Google Scholar
Kubota, Ryuko & Angel Lin. 2006. Race and TESOL: Introduction to concepts and theories. Tesol Quarterly 40(3). 471–493. https://doi.org/10.2307/40264540.Search in Google Scholar
Kudaibergenov, Meerbek & Kilryoung Lee. 2022. Professional identity tensions in EFL preservice teachers: A collective case study of three international students in South Korea. Journal of Language, Identity and Education. 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2022.2038174.Search in Google Scholar
Lee, Hakyoon & Gyewon Jang. 2022. “The darker your skin color is, the harder it is in Korea”: Discursive construction of racial identity in teaching internationally. Tesol Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3131.Search in Google Scholar
Ladson-Billings, Gloria. 1995. Toward a theory of culturally relevant pedagogy. American Educational Research Journal 32(3). 465–491.10.3102/00028312032003465Search in Google Scholar
Lee, Incho. 2009. Situated globalization and racism: An analysis of Korean high school EFL textbooks. Language and Literacy 11(1). 1–14. https://doi.org/10.20360/g2f59n.Search in Google Scholar
Leung, Constant, Roxy Harris & B. Ben Rampton. 1999. The idealized native speaker, reified ethnicities and classroom realities. Tesol Quarterly 31. 543–560. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587837.Search in Google Scholar
Liggett, Tonda. 2014. The mapping of a framework: Critical race theory and TESOL. The Urban Review 46(1). 112–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-013-0254-5.Search in Google Scholar
Mahboob, Ahmar. 2010. The NNEST lens: Non-native English speakers in TESOL. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Press.Search in Google Scholar
Motha, Suhanthie. 2014. Race, empire, and English language teaching. New York: Teachers College Press.Search in Google Scholar
NIIED. 2016. 2016 guide on invitation and utilization of guest English teachers. Available at: http://www.niied.go.kr/.Search in Google Scholar
NIIED. 2020. GKS notice [Unpublished government document]. https://studyinkorea.go.kr/en/sub/gks/selectBoardList.do?bbsId=BBSMSTR_000000000461 (accessed 10 March 2022).Search in Google Scholar
Norton, Bonny. 2017. Identity and English language learners across global sites. Faces of English education: Students, teachers, and pedagogy, 13–27. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9781315205618-2Search in Google Scholar
Norton, Bonny & Aneta Pavlenko. 2018. Identity and the ownership of English. The nonnative English teacher, TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching. New Jersey: Wiley.10.1002/9781118784235.eelt0030Search in Google Scholar
Park, Jin Kyu. 2009. ‘English fever’ in South Korea: Its history and symptoms. English Today 25(1). 50–57. https://doi.org/10.1017/s026607840900008x.Search in Google Scholar
Park, JosephSung-Yul. 2013. English, class and neoliberalism in South Korea. The politics of English: South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Asia Pacific 287–302.10.1075/wlp.4.19parkSearch in Google Scholar
Pennycook, Alastair. 1994. The cultural politics of English as an international language. London: Longman.Search in Google Scholar
Pennycook, Alastair. 2002. Development, culture and language: Ethical concerns in a postcolonial world. In Proceedings of the 4th international conference on language and development.Search in Google Scholar
Phillipson, Robert. 2016. Native speakers in linguistic imperialism. Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies 14(3). 80–96.Search in Google Scholar
Rose, Heath & Nicola Galloway. 2019. Global Englishes for language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/9781316678343Search in Google Scholar
Ruecker, Todd & Lindsey Ives. 2015. White native English speakers needed: The rhetorical construction of privilege in online teacher recruitment spaces. Tesol Quarterly 49(4). 733–756. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.195.Search in Google Scholar
Saldaña, Johnny. 2016. The coding manual for qualitative researchers. London: Sage.Search in Google Scholar
Satienchayakorn, Natakorn & Rachel Grant. 2022. (Re) Contextualizing English language teaching in Thailand to address racialized and ‘Othered’ inequities in ELT. Language Culture and Curriculum. 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908318.2022.2044841.Search in Google Scholar
Selvi, Ali Fuad. 2014. Myths and misconceptions about nonnative English speakers in the TESOL (NNEST) movement. TESOL Journal 5(3). 573–611. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesj.158.Search in Google Scholar
Selvi, Ali Fuad. 2011. The non-native speaker teacher. ELT Journal 65(2). 187–189. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccq092.Search in Google Scholar
Seo, Youngjoo. 2022. Creating the space to talk about race and racism in English language teaching. Modern English Education 23(3). 1–9. https://doi.org/10.18095/meeso.2022.23.3.1.Search in Google Scholar
Seo, Youngjoo & Ryuko Kubota. 2022. Exploring lived experiences of Black female English teachers in South Korea: Understanding travelling intersectionality and subjectivities. Language Culture and Curriculum. 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908318.2022.2045303.Search in Google Scholar
Silalahi, Ronald Maraden Parlindungan. 2019. Linguistic imperialism: Native-speakerism from the perspective of non-native English learners. Journal of ELT Research: The Academic Journal of Studies in English Language Teaching and Learning 4(1). 73–84.Search in Google Scholar
Stewart, Alison. 2020. Language teaching recognition: Narratives of Filipino English teachers in Japan. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781788927901Search in Google Scholar
Tembe, Juliet. 2006. Teacher training and the English language in Uganda. Tesol Quarterly 40(4). 857–860. https://doi.org/10.2307/40264317.Search in Google Scholar
Tembe, Juliet & Bonny Norton. 2011. English education, local languages and community perspectives in Uganda. Dreams and realities: Developing countries and the English language, 117–140. London: British Council.Search in Google Scholar
Tsui, AmyB.M. 2007. Complexities of identity formation: A narrative inquiry of an EFL teacher. TESOL quarterly 51(1). 69–84.10.1002/j.1545-7249.2007.tb00098.xSearch in Google Scholar
Tupas, Ruanni. 2019. Entanglements of colonialism, social class, and unequal Englishes. Journal of Sociolinguistics 23(5). 529–542. https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12384.Search in Google Scholar
Ulla, Mark B. 2018. English language teaching in Thailand: Filipino teachers’ experiences and perspectives. Issues in Educational Research 28(4). 1080–1094.Search in Google Scholar
Ward, L. Monique. 2004. Wading through the stereotypes: Positive and negative associations between media use and black adolescents’ conceptions of self. Developmental Psychology 40(2). 284. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.40.2.284.Search in Google Scholar
Wun, Connie. 2018. Angered: Black and non-Black girls of color at the intersections of violence and school discipline in the United States. Race, Ethnicity and Education 21(4). 423–437. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2016.1248829.Search in Google Scholar
Yang, Taesun. 2011. Korean university students’ perceptions about native and non-native English speaking teachers in TEE courses. English Language & Literature Teaching 17(3). 237–254.Search in Google Scholar
Yuk, Joowon. 2016. The (mis) understanding of race and racism in multicultural Korea. Korean Journal of Sociology 50(6). 125–145. https://doi.org/10.21562/kjs.2016.12.50.6.125.Search in Google Scholar
Zoom Video Communications Inc. 2016. Security guide. Zoom Video Communications Inc. Available at: https://d24cgw3uvb9a9h.cloudfront.net/static/81625/doc/Zoom-Security-WhitePaper.pd.Search in Google Scholar
© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston