Skip to content
Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter Mouton December 10, 2022

Final tensing and opacity in Podhale Goralian

  • Tomasz Łuszczek EMAIL logo

Abstract

This article discusses phonological generalisations concerning Podhale Goralian, a dialect of Polish spoken in southern Lesser Poland. It is argued that Podhale Goralian has a process called Final Tensing, which changes ɔ → o before word-final voiced consonants and glides. Final Tensing interacts with other rules of the dialect, leading to both major types of opacity: underapplication and overapplication. The descriptive generalisations are first stated in terms of rules and then reanalysed in terms of OT constraints. Even though both frameworks deliver the correct results, it is argued that the OT-based analysis is by a small margin superior to the rule-based analysis. Furthermore, the sources of the opacity exhibited by the discussed processes are classified according to Baković’s (2007, 2011) revised typology of opacity. [1]


Tomasz Łuszczek Instytut Anglistyki University of Warsaw ul. Dobra 55 00-312 Warszawa Poland

References

Archangeli, D. 1988. “Aspects of underspecification theory”. Phonology 5. 183–207.10.1017/S0952675700002268Search in Google Scholar

Baković, E. 2007. “A revised typology of opaque generalisations”. Phonology 24. 217–259.10.1017/S0952675707001194Search in Google Scholar

Baković, E. 2011. “Opacity and ordering”. In: Goldsmith, J., Riggle, J. and A. C. L. Yu (eds.), The handbook of phonological theory (2nd edition). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 40–67.10.1002/9781444343069.ch2Search in Google Scholar

Beckman, J. N. 1997. “Positional faithfulness, positional neutralisation and Shona vowel harmony”. Phonology 14. 1–46.10.1017/S0952675797003308Search in Google Scholar

Bermúdez-Otero, R. 1999. Constraint interaction in language change: Quantity in English and Germanic. (PhD dissertation, The University of Manchaster.)Search in Google Scholar

Booij, G. E. and J. Rubach. 1987. “Postcyclic versus postlexical rules in Lexical Phonology”. Linguistic Inquiry 18. 1–44.Search in Google Scholar

Botma, B. 2011. “Sonorants”. In: van Oostendorp, M., Ewen, C. J., Hume, E. and K. Rice (eds.), The Blackwell companion to phonology. Wiley-Blackwell. 171–194.Search in Google Scholar

Brenzinger, M., A. Yamamoto, N. Aikawa, D. Koundiouba, A. Minasyan, A. Dwyer, C. Grinevald, M. Krauss, O. Miyaoka, O. Sakiyama, R. Smeets and O. Zepeda. 2003. Language vitality and endangerment. ParisL UNESCO Ad Hoc Expert Group Meeting on Endangered Languages.Search in Google Scholar

Bubak, J. 1991. “Gwara Zakopanego” [The dialect of Zakopane]. In: Dutkowa, R. (ed.), Zakopane: czterysta lat dziejów [Zakopane: four hundred years of history] (vol. 2). Kraków: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza. 528–546.Search in Google Scholar

Buckley, E. 2001. “Polish o-Raising and phonological explanation”. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Linguistic Society of America. Washington, DC.Search in Google Scholar

Bukowski-Grosek, T. 2008. Słownik gwary Skalnego Podhala górali z Kościyliska [A dictionary of the dialect of Rocky Podhale spoken by the highlanders of Kościelisko]. Nowy Targ: Zakład Poligraficzny ,,MK”.Search in Google Scholar

Chomsky, N. and M. Halle. 1968. The sound pattern of English. New York: Harper and Row.Search in Google Scholar

Decaux, É. 1973. “Tzw. archaizm podhalański a sprawa mazurzenia w Małopolsce” [The so-called Podhale Archaism versus the process of Mazurzenie in Lesser Poland]. Revue des études slaves 49. 119–130.10.3406/slave.1973.2008Search in Google Scholar

Dejna, K. 1973. Dialekty polskie [Polish dialects]. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich.Search in Google Scholar

Dembowski, B. 1894. “Słownik gwary podhalskiej” [A dictionary of Podhale Goralian]. Sprawozdania Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności 5 [Reports of the Language Comission of the Academy of Learning]. Kraków: Akademia Umiejętności.Search in Google Scholar

Dubisz, S., Karaś, H. and N. Kolis. 1995. Dialekty i gwary polskie [Polish dialects]. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna.Search in Google Scholar

Fishman, J. A. 1991. Reversing language shift. Clevedon (UK): Multilingual Matters Ltd.Search in Google Scholar

Gołąb, Z. 1954. “O zróżnicowaniu wewnętrznym gwary podhalańskiej” [On the internal variation within Podhale Goralian]. Język Polski 34. 85–111.Search in Google Scholar

Gordon, R. G. (ed.). 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th edition). Dallas: SIL International.Search in Google Scholar

Goszczyński, S. 1853. Dziennik podróży do Tatrów [An account of a travel to the Tatras]. Petersburg: the printing house of B. M. Wolff.Search in Google Scholar

Grimes, B. F. (ed.). 2000. Ethnologue: Languages of the world (14th edition). Dallas: SIL International.Search in Google Scholar

Gussmann, E. 1980. Studies in abstract phonology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar

Gutt-Mostowy, J. 1995. Highlander Polish–English/English–Highlander Polish Dictionary. New York: Hippocrene Books.Search in Google Scholar

Hale, K., Krauss, M., Watahomigie, L. J., Yamamoto, A. J., Craig, C., Jeanne, L. M. and N. C. England. 1992. “Endangered Languages”. Language 68. 1–42.10.2307/416368Search in Google Scholar

Hodorowicz, S. A. 2005. Słownik gwary górali Skalnego Podhala [A dictionary of the highlanders of Rocky Podhale] (2nd edition). Nowy Targ: Podhalańska Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa.Search in Google Scholar

Kavitskaya, D. and P. Staroverov. 2010. “When an interaction is both opaque and transparent: the paradox of fed counterfeeding”. Phonology 27. 255–288.10.1017/S0952675710000126Search in Google Scholar

Kąś, J. 2019. Ilustrowany leksykon gwary i kultury podhalańskiej [An illustrated lexicon of the dialect and the culture of Podhale] (vol. 12). Nowy Sącz: Małopolskie Centrum Kultury Sokół.Search in Google Scholar

Kenstowicz, M. 1994. Phonology in generative grammar. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar

Kenstowicz, M. and Ch. Kisseberth. 1977. Topics in phonological theory. New York: Academic Press.Search in Google Scholar

Kiparsky, P. 1968. “Linguistic universals and linguistic change”. In: Bach, E. and R. T. Harms (eds.), Universals in linguistic theory. New York: Holt, Reinhart, and Winston. 170–202.Search in Google Scholar

Kiparsky, P. 1971. “Historical linguistics”. In: Dingwall, W. O. (ed.), A survey of linguistic science. College Park: University of Maryland Linguistics Program. 576–642.Search in Google Scholar

Kiparsky, P. 1973. “Abstractness, opacity and global rules” (Part 2 of “Phonological representations”). In: Fujimura, O. (ed.), Three dimensions of linguistic theory. Tokyo: TEC. 57–86.Search in Google Scholar

Kiparsky, P. 1982. “From Cyclic to Lexical Phonology”. In: van der Hulst, H. and N. Smith (eds.), The structure of phonological representations (vol. 1). Dordrecht: Foris Publications. 131–175.Search in Google Scholar

Kiparsky, P. 1985. “Some consequences of Lexical Phonology”. Phonology Yearbook 2. 85–138.10.1017/S0952675700000397Search in Google Scholar

Kiparsky, P. 1997. “LP and OT. Handout”. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Linguistic Institute.Search in Google Scholar

Kiparsky, P. 2000. “Opacity and cyclicity”. The Linguistic Review 17. 351–365.10.1515/tlir.2000.17.2-4.351Search in Google Scholar

Kohler, K. 1984. “Phonetic explanation in phonology: The feature fortis/lenis”. Phonetica 41. 150–174.10.1159/000261721Search in Google Scholar

Kopernicki, I. 1875. “Spostrzeżenia nad właściwościami językowemi w mowie Górali Bieskidowych, z dodatkiem słowniczka wyrazów góralskich” [Remarks on the linguistic properties of the speech of the highlanders of the Beskids, with a glossary of Goralian vocabulary]. Rozprawy i sprawozdania z posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności [Hearings and proceedings from the meetings of the Philological Faculty of the Academy of Learning] 3. 343–379.Search in Google Scholar

Kosiński, W. 1884. “Przyczynek do gwary zakopiańskiej” [A contribution to the dialect of Zakopane]. Rozprawy i sprawozdania z posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności [Hearings and proceedings from the meetings of the Philological Faculty of the Academy of Learning]10. 225–309.Search in Google Scholar

Kryński, A. A. 1884. “Gwara zakopańska. Studyjum dyjalektologiczne” [The dialect of Zakopane. A dialectological study]. Rozprawy i sprawozdania z posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności [Hearings and proceedings from the meetings of the Philological Faculty of the Academy of Learning] 10. 170–227.Search in Google Scholar

Lewis, M. P. (ed.). 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the world (16th edition). Dallas: SIL International.Search in Google Scholar

Lewis, M. P. and G. F. Simons. 2010. “Assessing endangerment: expanding Fishman’s GIDS”. Revue roumaine de linguistic 55. 103–120.Search in Google Scholar

Lombardi, L. 1991. Laryngeal features and laryngeal neutralization. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Search in Google Scholar

Łubowicz, A. 2012. The phonology of contrast. London, UK: Equinox Publishers.Search in Google Scholar

Łubowicz, A. 2018. “Vowel raising in Polish as contrast preservation”. In: Czaplicki, B., B. Łukaszewicz and M. Opalińska (eds.), Phonology, fieldwork and generalisations. Berlin: Peter Lang. 65–81.Search in Google Scholar

Małecki, M. 1928. Archaizm podhalański Monografje polskich cech gwarowych 4 [Podhale Archaism. Monographic studies of Polish dialectal features 4]. Kraków: Akademia Umiejętności.Search in Google Scholar

McCarthy, J. J. 1999. “Sympathy and phonological opacity”. Phonology 16. 331–399.10.1017/S0952675799003784Search in Google Scholar

McCarthy, J. J. 2002. “Sympathy, cumulativity, and the Duke-of-York gambit”. In: Féry, C. and R. van de Vijver (eds.), The optimal syllable. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 23–76.Search in Google Scholar

McCarthy, J. J. 2003. “Comparative markedness”. Theoretical Linguistics 29. 1–51.10.1515/thli.29.1-2.1Search in Google Scholar

McCarthy, J. J. 2007. Hidden generalizations: phonological opacity in Optimality Theory. London: Equinox.Search in Google Scholar

McCarthy, J. J. and A. Prince. 1995. “Faithfulness and reduplicative identity”. In: Beckman, J. N., Dickey, L. W. and S. Urbanczyk (eds.), University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers in Linguistics 18. Amherst, MA: Graduate Linguistic Student Association Publications. 249–384.Search in Google Scholar

Newton, B. E. 1971. “Ordering paradoxes in phonology”. Journal of Linguistics 7. 31–53.10.1017/S0022226700002796Search in Google Scholar

Nitsch, K. 1915. Dialekty języka polskiego [Polish dialects]. Kraków: Akademia Umiejętności.Search in Google Scholar

Nitsch, K. 1916. Małopolskie ,,ch” z mapą Monografie polskich cech gwarowych 2 [Lesser Poland “ch” with a map. Monographic studies of Polish dialectal features 2]. Kraków: Akademia Umiejętności.Search in Google Scholar

Okoniowa, J. 2006. “Słowniki podhalańskie i ich twórcy” [Podhale Goralian dictionaries and their authors]. Prace Filologiczne 51. 261–270.Search in Google Scholar

Okoniowa, J. 2008. “Leksyka Małopolski górzystej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Podhala, w badaniach XIX i XX wieku” [The vocabulary of the mountainous Lesser Poland in the 19th and 20th c. studies, with a focus on Podhale]. Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językowego 64. 237–248.Search in Google Scholar

Pater, J. 2000. “Non-uniformity in English secondary stress: the role of ranked and lexically specific constraints”. Phonology 17. 237–274.10.1017/S0952675700003900Search in Google Scholar

Prince, A. and P. Smolensky. 2004. Optimality Theory: Constraint interaction in generative grammar. Oxford: Blackwell. [Revision of 1993 technical report, Rutgers University Center for Cognitive Sciences. Available from Rutgers Optimality Archive, ROA–537.]10.1002/9780470759400Search in Google Scholar

Pullum, G. K. 1976. “The Duke-of-York gambit”. Journal of Linguistics 12. 83–102.10.1017/S0022226700004813Search in Google Scholar

Rak, M. 2014. “Badania dialektologiczne na Podhalu” [Dialectological research in Podhale]. Wierchy 80. 171–180.Search in Google Scholar

Rice, K. 1993. “A re-examination of the feature [sonorant]: The status of ‘sonorant obstruents’”. Language 69. 308–344.10.2307/416536Search in Google Scholar

Rubach, J. 1984. Cyclic and Lexical phonology. The structure of Polish. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.10.1515/9783111392837Search in Google Scholar

Rubach, J. 1997. “Extrasyllabic consonants in Polish: Derivational Optimality Theory”. In: Roca, I. (ed.), Derivations and constraints in phonology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 551–581.Search in Google Scholar

Rubach, J. 2000. “Glide and glottal stop insertion in Slavic languages: A DOT analysis”. Linguistic Inquiry 31. 271–317.10.1162/002438900554361Search in Google Scholar

Rubach, J. 2008. “Prevocalic faithfulness”. Phonology 25. 1–36.10.1017/S0952675708001589Search in Google Scholar

Rubach, J. 2011. “Syllabic repairs in Macedonian”. Lingua 121. 237–268.10.1016/j.lingua.2010.09.001Search in Google Scholar

Rubach, J. 2014. “Final Tensing in Kurpian”. Studies in Polish Linguistics 9. 45–65.Search in Google Scholar

Rubach, J. 2019. “Surface Velar Palatalization in Polish”. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 37. 1421–1462.10.1007/s11049-018-9430-3Search in Google Scholar

Rubach, J. and T. Łuszczek. 2019. “The vowel system of Podhale Goralian”. Research in Language 17. 105–126.10.18778/1731-7533.17.2.01Search in Google Scholar

Staszic, S. 1815. O ziemiorodztwie Karpatow i innych gor i rownin Polski [On the origin of the Karpathian Mountains and other mountains and plains of Poland]. Warszawa: Drukarnia Rządowa.Search in Google Scholar

Stieber, Z. 1947. Problem językowej i etnicznej odrębności Podhala [On the linguistic and ethnological distinctness of Podhale]. Łódź: Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe.Search in Google Scholar

Stieber, Z. 1973. A historical phonology of the Polish language. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.Search in Google Scholar

Stopka Nazimek, A. 1897. Sabała: portret, życiorys, bajki, powiastki, piosnki, melodye [Sabała: characterisation, life, fables, tales, songs, melodies]. Kraków: Drukarnia Narodowa.Search in Google Scholar

Taszycki, W. 1949. “O małopolskich formach „grok” ‘groch’, „na nogak” ‘na nogach’, „robiłek” ‘robiłech = robiłem’ [On the Lesser Poland forms of grok ‘pea’, na nogak ‘on foot’, robiłek ‘I was doing’]. Język Polski 30. 195–202.Search in Google Scholar

Timberlake, A. 1983a. “Compensatory lengthening in Slavic 1: Conditions and dialect geography”. In: Markov, V. and D. S. Worth (eds.), From Los Angeles to Kiev. Columbus, Ohio: Slavica Publishers Inc. 207–237.Search in Google Scholar

Timberlake, A. 1983b. “Compensatory lengthening in Slavic 2: Phonetic reconstruction”. In: Flier, M. S. (ed.), American Contributions to the 9th International Congress of Slavists, vol. 1: Linguistics. Columbus, Ohio: Slavica Publishers Inc. 293–319.Search in Google Scholar

UNESCO. 2009. UNESCO Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger. UNESCO.Search in Google Scholar

Westbury, J. 1983. “Enlargement of the supraglottal cavity and its relation to consonant voicing”. Journal of the Acoustic Society of America 73. 1322–1336.10.1121/1.389236Search in Google Scholar

Wrześniowski, A. 1885. “Spis wyrazów podhalskich” [A record of the Podhale Goralian vocabulary]. Pamiętnik Towarzystwa Tatrzańskiego 10. 1–26.Search in Google Scholar

Zejszner, L. 1845. Pieśni ludu Podhalan, czyli górali tatrowych polskich [Songs of the Podhale people (or the highlanders of the Polish Tatras)]. Warszawa: the printing house of J. Kaczanowski.Search in Google Scholar

Zejszner, L. 1849–1852. “Podhale i północna pochyłość Tatrów, czyli Tatry polskie” [Podhale and the northern Tatras (or the Polish Tatras)]. Biblioteka Warszawska 33. 57–91 (Part 1); 33. 535–568 (Part 2); 35. 441–481 (Part 3); 36. 1–38 (Part 4); 44. 523–542 (Part 5); 46. 116–140 (Part 6).Search in Google Scholar

Zwicky, A. M. 1970. “The Free-ride Principle and two rules of complete assimilation in English”. Chicago Linguistic Society 6. 579–588.Search in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2022-12-10
Published in Print: 2022-11-25

© 2022 Faculty of English, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland

Downloaded on 27.4.2024 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/psicl-2022-0034/html
Scroll to top button