Abstract
Onsager fluxes proposed by D.G.B. Edelen assume that the same symmetry, nonlinear Onsager reciprocal relations, holds near and far from equilibrium. This assumption leads to exact differential 1-form J ⋅ dX everywhere, where J and X are thermodynamic fluxes and forces, respectively. However, thermodynamic fluxes far from equilibrium are characterized by symmetry breaking, which lead to the inexact differential 1-form. It is shown in this paper that the inexact differential 1-form J ⋅ dX should be represented by multiple independent scalar-valued functions. Generalized Onsager fluxes are obtained based on such representation. Generalized Onsager fluxes do not satisfy the nonlinear Onsager reciprocal relations and contain multiple independent scalar-valued functions, so they are suitable to thermodynamic fluxes far from equilibrium. Generalized Onsager fluxes embody Onsager fluxes as a special case. Therefore, generalized Onsager fluxes provide a unified framework for thermodynamic fluxes near and far from equilibrium.
Funding source: National Natural Science Foundation of China
Award Identifier / Grant number: 11572174
Award Identifier / Grant number: 51739006
Award Identifier / Grant number: 41961134032
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Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
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Research funding: This work has been supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under projects 11572174, 51739006 and 41961134032.
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Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
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