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Latent Profile Patterns of Network-Level Norms and Associations with Individual-Level Sexual Behaviors: The N2 Cohort Study in Chicago

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Abstract

Individual-level behavior can be influenced by injunctive and descriptive social network norms surrounding that behavior. There is a need to understand how the influence of social norms within an individual’s social networks may influence individual-level sexual behavior. We aimed to typologize the network-level norms of sexual behaviors within the social networks of Black sexual and gender minoritized groups (SGM) assigned male at birth. Survey data were collected in Chicago, Illinois, USA, between 2018 and 2019 from Black SGM. A total of 371 participants provided individual-level information about sociodemographic characteristics and HIV vulnerability from sex (i.e., condomless sex, group sex, use of alcohol/drugs to enhance sex) and completed an egocentric network inventory assessing perceptions of their social network members’ (alters’) injunctive and descriptive norms surrounding sexual behaviors with increased HIV vulnerability. We used Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) to identify network-level norms based on the proportion of alters’ approval of the participant engaging in condomless sex, group sex, and use of drugs to enhance sex (i.e., injunctive norms) and alters’ engagement in these behaviors (i.e., descriptive norms). We then used binomial regression analyses to examine associations between network-level norm profiles and individual-level HIV vulnerability from sex. The results of our LPA indicated that our sample experienced five distinct latent profiles of network-level norms: (1) low HIV vulnerability network norm, (2) moderately high HIV vulnerability network norm, (3) high HIV vulnerability network norm, (4) condomless sex dominant network norm, and (5) approval of drug use during sex dominant network norm. Condomless anal sex, group sex, and using drugs to enhance sex were positively and significantly associated with higher HIV vulnerability social network norm profiles, relative to low HIV vulnerability norm profiles. To mitigate Black SGM’s HIV vulnerability, future HIV risk reduction strategies can consider using network-level intervention approaches such as opinion leaders, segmentation, induction, or alteration, through an intersectionality framework.

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Acknowledgements

The Neighborhoods and Networks (N2) Cohort Study is funded through grants from the National Institute on Mental Health (Grant Number: R01MH112406; Principal Investigators: Dustin T. Duncan, ScD and John A. Schneider, MD, MPH) and a cooperative agreement with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention under the Minority HIV/AIDS Research Initiative (Grant Number: U01PS005122; Principal Investigator: Dustin T. Duncan, ScD). The University of Chicago authors were supported in part by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (U2C DA050098). We thank the participants for engaging in this research. We would like to thank the CCHE services team for provision of testing, resource counseling, mental health and other health care services for study participants as part of the South Side Health Home (S2H2).

Funding

All authors report support from the National Institute on Mental Health (R01MH112406, PI: Duncan and Schneider), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention under the Minority HIV/AIDS Research Initiative (U01PS005122, PI: Duncan). CS’s efforts were supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (R25DA026401; P30DA011041) and, along with JR, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (T32AI114398; PI: Howard). YC and JS were supporting by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (R03DA053161, PI: Chen and Schneider). RD’s efforts were supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH019139, PI: Sandfort). JK’s effort on this project was funded by NIH grants K01AA028199, R01DA054553, and R21DA053156. RM was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (T32DA031099, PI: Hasin) and a grant from the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to the Center for Injury Epidemiology and Prevention at Columbia University (R49CE003096, PI: Branas). The University of Chicago authors were supported in part by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (U2CDA050098, PI: Schneider). We thank the participants for engaging in this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology, ICAP at Columbia University, Columbia University, 211 W 117th St APT 3A, New York, NY, 10026, USA

    Cho-Hee Shrader & Jonathan Russell

  2. Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Dustin T. Duncan, Jonathan Russell & Raymond L. Moody

  3. Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

    Yen-Tyng Chen

  4. Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Redd Driver & Justin Knox

  5. HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA

    Redd Driver & Justin Knox

  6. Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA

    Justin Knox

  7. Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

    Britt Skaathun

  8. Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Mainza Durrell, Hillary Hanson, Rebecca Eavou & John A. Schneider

  9. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Mainza Durrell, Hillary Hanson, Rebecca Eavou & John A. Schneider

  10. Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

    William C. Goedel

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  1. Cho-Hee Shrader
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Contributions

DTD and JS conceptualized and designed the parent research study. CS, RD, JS, and RM contributed to the analysis of the data. CS, RD, and DTD drafted the paper, and other authors revised it critically for important intellectual content. All authors read and provided final approval of the manuscript version to be published.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cho-Hee Shrader.

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Columbia University (#AAAS7654) and the University of Chicago (IRB16-1419) provided ethical approval for this study.

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Shrader, CH., Duncan, D.T., Chen, YT. et al. Latent Profile Patterns of Network-Level Norms and Associations with Individual-Level Sexual Behaviors: The N2 Cohort Study in Chicago. Arch Sex Behav 52, 2355–2372 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-023-02555-0

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