Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Neogene calc-alkaline volcanism in Bobak and Sikh Kuh, Eastern Iran: Implications for magma genesis and tectonic setting

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Mineralogy and Petrology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Neogene post-collisional volcanism in eastern Iran is represented by the Sikh Kuh and Bobak high-Na rocks including trachybasalt, trachyandesite, trachydacite, and dacite. We report whole rock geochemistry and Nd–Sr isotopic data which constrain the characteristics of the mantle source. The rocks are highly enriched in incompatible trace elements, suggesting a metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) as the magma source. Felsic rocks record abundant petrographic evidence, major and trace element data, and isotopic (87Sr/86Sr(i) = 0.70727–0.70902) signatures indicative of fractional crystallization, and potentially, crustal assimilation. Such processes however, have not significantly affected the isotopic signatures (87Sr/86Sr(i) = 0.70417–0.70428) of the mafic members, suggesting that they are derived from a mantle source. The geochemical and isotopic data for the Sikh Kuh and Bobak volcanic rocks suggest that these Neogene magmas were derived from a small degree of partial melting (~ 2–10 vol%) of a spinel-bearing subcontinental lithospheric mantle source in a post-collisional setting. The generated more unfractionated mafic magmas erupted during an episode of extensional tectonics, presumably caused by extension that followed Eocene collision between the Lut and Afghan continental blocks. These melts interacted with continental crust during ascent, experiencing crystal fractionation, and crustal assimilation, to produce more evolved felsic volcanic rocks.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aldanmaz ER, Pearce JA, Thirlwall MF, Mitchell JG (2000) Petrogenetic evolution of Late Cenozoic post-collision volcanism in western Anatolia Turkey. J Volcan Geotherm Res 102:67–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen MB, Kheirkhah M, Neill I, Emami MH, McLeod CL (2013) Generation of arc and within-plate chemical signatures in collision zone magmatism: quaternary lavas from Kurdistan Province. Iran. J Petrol 54:887–911

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Altunkaynak S, Diley Y, Genc CS, Sunal G, Gertisser R, Furnes H, Foland KA, Yang J (2012) Spatial temporal and geochemical evolution of Oligo-Miocene granitoid magmatism in western Anatolia Turkey. Gondwana Res 21:961–986

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarado A, Audin L, Nocquet JM, Lagreulet S, Segovia M, Font Y, Lamarque G, Yepes H, Mothes P, Rolandone F, Jarrin P, Quidelleur X (2014) Active tectonics in Quito Ecuador assessed by geomorphological studies GPS data and crustal seismicity. Tectonics 33:67–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Angiboust S, Agard P, De Hoog JCM, Omrani PA (2013) Insights on deep, accretionary subduction processes from the Sistan ophiolitic “melange” (Eastern Iran). Lithos 156–159:139–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonnet G, Agard P, Angiboust S, Monie P, Jentzer M, Omrani J, Whitechurch H, Fournier M (2018) Tectonic slicing and mixing processes along the subduction interface: The Sistan example (Eastern Iran). Lithos 310–311:269–287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brenan JM, Shaw HF, Phinney DL, Ryerson FJ (1994) Rutile-aqueous fluid partitioning of Nb, Ta, Hf, Zr, U and Th: implications for high field strength element depletions in island-arc basalts. Earth Planet Sci Lett 128:327–339

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bröcker M, Rad GF, Burgess R, Theunissen S, Paderin I, Rodionov N, Salimi Z (2013) New age constraints for the geodynamic evolution of the Sistan Suture Zone, eastern Iran. Lithos 170–171:17–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiu H-Y, Chung S-L, Zarrinkoub MH, Mohammadi SS, Khatib MM, Iizuka Y (2013) Zircon U-Pb age constraints from Iran on the magmatic evolution related to Neotethyan subduction and Zagros orogeny. Lithos 162–163:70–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DePaolo DJ (1981) Trace element and isotopic effects of combined wallrock assimilation and fractional crystallization. Earth Planet Sci Lett 53:189–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dilek Y, Imamverdiyev N, Altunkaynak Ş (2010) Geochemistry and tectonics of Cenozoic volcanism in the Lesser Caucasus (Azerbaijan) and the peri-Arabian region: collision-induced mantle dynamics and its magmatic signature. Int Geo Rev 52:536–578

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elitok O, Ozgur N, Druppel K, Dilek Y, Platevoet B, Guillou H, Poisson A, Scaillet S, Satir M, Siebel W, Bardintzeff JM, Deniel H, Yilmaz K (2010) Origin and geodynamic evolution of late Cenozoic potassium-rich volcanism in the Isparta area southwestern Turkey. Int Geo Rev 52:454–504

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ersoy EY, Helvacı C, Palmer MR (2010) Mantle source characteristics and melting models for the early-middle Miocene mafic volcanism in Western Anatolia: implications for enrichment processes of mantle lithosphere and origin of K-rich volcanism in postcollisional settings. J Vol Geothem Res 198:112–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ersoy EY, Helvacı C, Uysal I, Karaoğlu O, Palmer MR, Dindi F (2012a) Petrogenesis of the Miocene volcanism along theİzmir–Balıkesir Transfer Zone in western Anatolia Turkey: implications for origin and evolution of potassic volcanism in postcollisional areas. J Vol Geothem Res 241–242:21–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ersoy EY, Helvacı C, Palmer MR (2012b) Petrogenesis of the Neogene volcanic units in the NE–SW-trending basins in western Anatolia Turkey. Cont Mineral Petrol 163:379–401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eyuboglu Y (2010) Late Cretaceous high-K volcanism in the eastern Pontides orogenic belt and its implications for the geodynamic evolution of NE Turkey. Int Geo Rev 52:142–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foley SF, Tiepolo M, Vannucci R (2002) Growth of early continental crust controlled by melting of amphibolite in subduction zones. Nature 417:837–840

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fram MS, Lesher CE (1997) Generation and Polybaric Differentiation of East Greenland Early Tertiary Flood Basalts. J Petrol 38(2):231–275

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hart SR (1988) Heterogeneous mantle domains: signatures genesis and mixing chronologies. Earth Planet Sci Lett 90:273–296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hastie AR, Kerr AC, Pearce JA, Mitchell SF (2007) Classification of altered volcanic island arc rocks using immobile trace elements: Development of the Th-Co discrimination diagram. J Petrol 48:2341–2357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkesworth CJ, Hergt JM, Ellam RM, McDermott F (1991) Element fluxes associated with subduction related magmatism. Philos Trans R Soc Lond A 335:393–405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hildreth W, Halliday AN, Christiansen RL (1991) Isotopic and Chemical Evidence Concerning the Genesis and Contamination of Basaltic and Rhyolitic Magma beneath the Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field. J Petrol 32:63–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hosseinkhani A, Karimpour MH, Malekzadeh Shafaroudi A, Santos JF (2017) U-Pb geochronology and petrogenesis of intrusive rocks: constraints on the mode of genesis and timing of Cu mineralization in SWSK area Lut Block. J Geochem Explor 177:11–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang HQ, Li XH, Li ZX, Li WX (2013) Intraplate crustal remelting as the genesis of Jurassic high-K granites in the coastal region of the Guangdong Province, SE China. J Asian Earth Sci 74:280–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jentzer M, Agard P, Bonnet G, Monié P, Fournier M, Whitechurch H, Omrani J, Zarrinkoub MH, Khatib MM, Kohansal R, Couto DD, Godbillot C, Ninkabou D (2022) The North Sistan orogeny (Eastern Iran): Tectono-metamorphic evolution and significance within the Tethyan realm. Gondwana Res 109:460–492

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jentzer M, Whitechurch H, Agard P, Ulrich M, Caron B, Zarrinkoub M H, Kohansal R, Miguet L, Omrani J, Fournier M (2020) Late Cretaceous calc-alkaline and adakitic magmatism in the Sistan suture zone (Eastern Iran): Implications for subduction polarity and regional tectonics. J Asian Earth Sci 104588

  • Johnson CM (1991) Large-scale crust formation and lithosphere modification beneath middle to late Cenozoic calderas and volcanic fields western North. Am J Geophysic Res 96:13485–13507

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelemen PB, Hanghoj K, Greene AR (2004) One view of the geochemistry of subduction-related magmatic arcs, with an emphasis on primitive andesite and lower crust. In: Treatise on Geochemistry. Holland HD and Turekian KK (Editors), Elsevier, Amsterdam 3:593-659

  • Keskin M (2003) Magma generation by slab steepening and breakoff beneath and subduction-accretion complex: an alternative model for collision-related volcanism in Eastern Anatolia Turkey. Geophys Res Lett 30:1–4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keskin M, Pearce JA, Mitchell JG (1998) Volcano-stratigraphy and geochemistry of collision-related volcanism on the Erzurum-Kars Plateau northeastern Turkey. J Volcanol Geoth Res 85:355–405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessel R, Schmidt M, Ulmer P, Pettke T (2005) Trace element signature of subduction zone fluids melts and supercritical liquids at 120–180 km depth. Nature 437:724–727

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell RH, Smith CB, Vladykin NV (1994) Isotopic composition of strontium and neodymium in potassic rocks of the Little Murun complex Aldan Shield Siberia. Lithos 32:243–248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lordkipanidze M (1980) Alpine volcanism and geodynamics of the central segment of the Mediterranean belt Metsniereba Tiblisi (in Russian)

  • McKenzie DAN, O’nions RK (1991) Partial melt distributions from inversion of rare earth element concentrations. J Petrol 32(5):1021–1091

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Middlemost EAK (1975) The basalt clan. Earth Sci Rev 11:337–364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muller B, Zoback ML, Fuchs K, Mastin L, Gregersen S, Pavoni N, Stephanson O, Ljunggren CH (1992) Regional patterns of tectonic stress in Europe. J Geophysic Res 97(B8):783–803

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson ST, Montana A (1992) Sieved textured plagioclase in volcanic rocks produced by rapid decompression. Am Mineral 77:1242–1249

    Google Scholar 

  • Oyan V, Keskin M, Lebedev VA, Chugaev AV, Sharkov EV, Ünal E (2017) Petrology and Geochemistry of the Quaternary Mafic Volcanism to the NE of Lake Van Eastern Anatolian Collision Zone Turkey. J Petrol 58(9):1701–1728

    Google Scholar 

  • Palin RM, White RW, Green ECR, Diener JFA, Powell R, Holland TJB (2016) High-grade metamorphism and partial melting of basic and intermediate rocks. J Metamorph Geol 34(9):871–892

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pang K-N, Chung S-L, Zarrinkoub MH, Mohammadi SS, Yang H-M, Chu C-H, Lee H-Y, Lo C-H (2012) Age geochemical characteristics and petrogenesis of Late Cenozoic intraplate alkali basalts in the Lut-Sistan region eastern Iran. Chem Geol 306–307:40–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pang KN, Chung SL, Zarrinkoub MH, Khatib MM, Mohammadi SS, Chiu HY, Chu CH, Lee HY, Lo CH (2013) Eocene-Oligocene post-collisional magmatism in the Lut-Sistan. Lithos 180–181:234–251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce JA (1983) Role of the sub–continental lithosphere in magma genesis at acrive continental margins In: Hawkesworth CJ Norry MJ (eds) Continental Basalts and Mantle Xenoliths. Shiva Publ, Cambridge MA, pp 230–249, 272

  • Pearce JA (1996) A users guide to basalt discrimination diagrams. In: Wyman DA (ed) Trace Element Geochemistry of Volcanic Rocks: Applications for Massive Sulphide Exploration. Geol Assoc Canada, Short Course Note 12, pp 79–113

  • Pearce JA (1982) Trace element characteristics of lavas from destructive plate boundaries. In: Thorpe RS (ed) Andesites: Orogenic Andesites and Related Rocks. Wiley, New York, pp 525–548

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearce JA, Bender JF, Delong SE, Kidd WSF, Low PJ, Guner Y, Sargolu F, Yilmaz Y, Moorbath S, Mitchell JG (1990) Genesis of collision volcanism in eastern Anatolia Turkey. J Vol Geotherm Res 44:189–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce JA, Norry MJ (1979) Petrogenetic Implications of Ti, Zr, Y, and Nb Variations in Intrusive Rocks. Contribut Mineral Petrol 69:33–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce JA, Parkinson IJ (1993) Magmatic processes and plate tectonics. Geol Soc Spec Pub 76:373–403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce TH, Gorman BE, Birkett TC (1977) The relationship between major element chemistry and tectonic environment of basic and intermediate volcanic rocks. Earth Planet Sci Lett 36:121–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plank T, Langmuir CH (1998) The chemical composition of subducting sediment and its consequences for the crust and mantle. Chem Geol 145:325–394

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rooney TO (2010) Geochemical evidence of lithospheric thinning in the southern Main Ethiopian Rift. Lithos 117(1–4):33–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rudnick RL, Gao S (2003) The composition of the continental crust. In: Rudnick RL, Holland HD, Turekian KK (eds) The Crust. Treatise on Geochemistry, vol 3. Elsevier, pp 1–64

  • Sepidbar F, Mirnejad H, Ma C, Moghadam HS (2018) Identification of Eocene-Oligocene magmatic pulses associated with flare-up in east Iran: Timing and sources. Gondwana Res 57:141–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw JE, Baker JA, Menzies MA, Thirlwall MF, Ibrahim KM (2003) Petrogenesis of the largest intraplate volcanic field on the Arabian Plate (Jordan): a mixed lithosphere– asthenosphere source activated by lithospheric extension. J Petrol 44:1657–1679

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shu Q, Lai Y, Wang C, Xu J, Sun Y (2014) Geochronology, geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes of the Haisugou porphyry Mo deposit, northeast China, and their geological significance. J Asian Earth Sci 79:777–791

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sosson M, Rolland Y, Müller C, Danelian T, Melkonyan R, Kekelia S, Adamia A, Babazadeh V, Kangarli T, Avagyan A, Galoyan G, Mosar J (2010) Subductions obduction and collision in the Lesser Caucasus (Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia) new insights In: Sosson M Kaymakci N Stephenson RA Bergerat F Starostenko V (eds) Sedimentary Basin Tectonics from the Black Sea and Caucasus to the Arabian Platform. Geo Soc Lon Spec Public 340:329–352

  • Staudigel H, Plank T, White B, Schmincke HU (1996) Geochemical fluxes during seafloor alteration of the basaltic upper oceanic crust: DSDP sites 417 and 418 in subduction. Geophys Monogr 96:19–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun SS, McDonough WF (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basaltsdonimplications for mantle composition and processes. Geo Soc Lon Spec Publ 42:313–345

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor SR, McLennan SM (1985) The Continental Crust: its Composition and Evolution Geoscience Texts Blackwell Scientific Publications London

  • Thirlwall MF, Upton BGJ, Jenkins C (1994) Interaction between continental lithosphere and the Iceland plume–Sr–Nd–Pb isotope geochemistry of tertiary basalts NE Greenland. J Petrol 35:839–879

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tirrul R, Bell IR, Griffis RJ, Camp VE (1983) The Sistan suture zone of eastern Iran. Geo Soc Am Bullet 94:134–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner SP (2002) On the time–scales of magmatism at island–arc volcanoes Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Mat Phys Eng Sci 360:2853–2871

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang T (2007) Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LC ICP–MS). J Liq Chromatogr Relat 30(5–7):807–831

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang KL, Chung S, O’Reilly SY, Sun S, Shinjo R, Chen C (2004) Geochemical constraints for the genesis of post–collisional magmatism and the geodynamic evolution of the Northern Taiwan region. J Petrol 45:975–1011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitechurch H, Jentzer M, Agard P, Zarrinkoub M H, Caron B, Kohansal R, Miguet L, Omrani J, Fournier M (2019) Calc-alkaline and adakitic magmatism in the Sistan Suture Zone (Eastern Iran): evidence for eastward dipping subduction during the Late Cretaceous. Geophys Res Abs 21, EGU2019–10977–1

  • Wood DA (1980) The application of a Th-Hf-Ta diagram to problems of tectonomagmatic classification and to establishing the nature of crustal contamination of basaltic lavas of the British Tertiary volcanic province. Earth Planet Sci Let 50:11–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu RX, Zheng YF, Wu YB, Zhao ZF, Zhang SB, Liu XM, Wu FY (2006) Reworking of juvenile crust: Element and isotope evidence from Neoproterozoic granodiorite in South China. Precambrian Res 146:179–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zarrinkoub MH, Pang KN, Chung SL, Khatib MM, Mohammadi SS, Chiu HY, Lee HY (2012) Zircon U-Pb age and geochemical constraints on the origin of the Birjand ophiolite Sistan suture zone eastern Iran. Lithos 154:392–405

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

All analytical supports for the whole-rock major element oxide and trace element concentrations came from ALS Chemex (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd, and the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China. Sr and Nd isotope ratios were determined at the Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa. All logistical supports for the fieldwork come from University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran. We are very grateful to Fernando Corfu and Michael Jentzer for their constructive reviews of the manuscript. Manuscript handling and suggestions by journal editor Qihai Shu are appreciated.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, 98167-45845, Iran

    Habib Biabangard, Mohammad Boomeri & Omol Banin Shahraki

  2. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 917794-8974, Iran

    Fatemeh Sepidbar & Seyed Masoud Homam

  3. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK

    Richard M. Palin

  4. Department of Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia

    Scott A. Whattam

Authors
  1. Habib Biabangard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Fatemeh Sepidbar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Richard M. Palin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mohammad Boomeri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Scott A. Whattam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Seyed Masoud Homam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Omol Banin Shahraki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Habib Biabangard.

Additional information

Editorial handling: Q. Shu

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Biabangard, H., Sepidbar, F., Palin, R.M. et al. Neogene calc-alkaline volcanism in Bobak and Sikh Kuh, Eastern Iran: Implications for magma genesis and tectonic setting. Miner Petrol 117, 63–77 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-022-00798-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-022-00798-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation