Abstract
Some aspects of parenting have been differentially associated with adolescents’ intrinsic values (affiliation, self-acceptance, and community) and extrinsic values (wealth, beauty, and fame). This study examines how the three components of detrimental parenting (i.e., rejecting, chaotic, and controlling parenting) relate to adolescents’ values (N = 647; ages 14–17; 57% girls). In addition to their perceptions of detrimental parenting, adolescents rated how important intrinsic and extrinsic values are to them and the extent to which their parents put intrinsic and extrinsic values into practice. Controlling for age, gender, and parents’ values, chaotic parenting moderated the correspondence between parents’ and adolescents’ extrinsic values. In addition, controlling parenting was the only parenting component directly related to adolescents’ values, being positively associated with adolescents’ extrinsic values.
Highlights
-
Perceived controlling (but not chaotic or rejecting) parenting was linked with more adolescents’ extrinsic values.
-
When adolescents perceived higher chaos, their values corresponded slightly less strongly to their perceived parent’s enacted values.
-
All results were obtained after controlling for key covariates, such as adolescents’ age and gender.
Similar content being viewed by others
Code availability
The data that support the findings of this study will be deposited in a recognized data repository to be determined.
References
Ahn, J. S., & Reeve, J. (2020). Developmental pathways of preadolescents’ intrinsic and extrinsic values: The role of basic psychological needs satisfaction. European Journal of Personality, 1-16. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1002/per.2274
Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Sage Publications.
Albert, I., & Ferring, D. (2012). Intergenerational value transmission within the family and the role of emotional relationship quality. Family Science, 3(1), 4–12.
Assor, A., Roth, G., & Deci, E. L. (2004). The emotional costs of parents’ conditional regard: A Self‐Determination Theory analysis. Journal of Personality, 72(1), 47–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00256.x.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Prentice Hall.
Barni, D., Ranieri, S., Scabini, E., & Rosnati, R. (2011). Value transmission in the family: Do adolescents accept the values their parents want to transmit. Journal of Moral Education, 40(1), 105–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2011.553797.
Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior. Child Development, 37(4), 887–907. https://doi.org/10.2307/1126611.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606.
Bradshaw, E. L., Conigrave, J. H., Steward, B. A., Ferber, K. A., Parker, P. D., & Ryan, R. M. (2022). A meta-analysis of the dark side of the American dream: Evidence for the universal wellness costs of prioritizing extrinsic over intrinsic goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000431
Briggs, E., Landry, T., & Wood, C. (2007). Beyond just being there: An examination of the impact of attitudes, materialism, and self-esteem on the quality of helping behavior in youth volunteers. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 18(2), 27–45.
Brown, K. W., & Kasser, T. (2005). Are psychological and ecological well-being compatible? The role of values, mindfulness, and lifestyle. Social Indicators Research, 74(2), 349–368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-004-8207-8.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230–258.
Chaplin, L. N., & John, D. R. (2010). Interpersonal influences on adolescent materialism: A new look at the role of parents and peers. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 20(2), 176–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2010.02.002.
Cohen, P., & Cohen, J. (1996). Life values and adolescent mental health. Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203773994
Davids, E. L., Roman, N. V., & Kerchhoff, L. J. (2017). Adolescent goals and aspirations in search of psychological well-being: From the perspective of self-determination theory. South African Journal of Psychology, 47(1), 121–132.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). The General Causality Orientations Scale: Self-determination in personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 19(2), 109–134.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268.
Dittmar, H., Bond, R., Hurst, M., & Kasser, T. (2014). The relationship between materialism and personal well-being: A meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(5), 879–924. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037409.
Duriez, B., Giletta, M., Kuppens, P., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2013). Extrinsic relative to intrinsic goal pursuits and peer dynamics: Selection and influence processes among adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 36(5), 925–933.
Duriez, B., & Klimstra, T. (2011). Intrinsic versus extrinsic goals, need satisfaction, and well-being: Longitudinal dynamics among college students. https://bartduriez.com/academic/intrinsic-versus-extrinsic-goals-need-satisfaction-and-well-being-longitudinal-dynamics
Emmons, R. A. (1989). The personal striving approach to personality. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Goal concepts in personality and social psychology (pp. 87–126). Erlbaum.
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. Norton. https://doi.org/bp2frr
Friedlmeier, M., & Trommsdorff, G. (2011). Are mother–child similarities in value orientations related to mothers’ parenting? A comparative study of American and Romanian mothers and their adolescent children. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 8(6), 661–680. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2011.590649.
Gillison, F. B., Standage, M., & Skevington, S. M. (2006). Relationships among adolescents’ weight perceptions, exercise goals, exercise motivation, quality of life and leisure-time exercise behaviour: A self-determination theory approach. Health Education Research, 21(6), 836–847. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyl139.
Goldberg, M. E., Gorn, G. J., Peracchio, L. A., & Bamossy, G. (2003). Understanding materialism among youth. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 13(3), 278–288.
Gray, M. R., & Steinberg, L. (1999). Unpacking authoritative parenting: Reassessing a multidimensional construct. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 574–587. https://doi.org/10.2307/353561
Grolnick, W. S., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1997). Internalization within the family: The self-determination theory perspective. In J. Grusec & L. Kuczynski (Eds.), Parenting and children’s internalization of values (pp. 135–161). Wiley.
Grolnick, W. S., & Ryan, R. M. (1989). Parent styles associated with children’s self-regulation and competence in school. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(2), 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.81.2.143.
Grouzet, F. M., Kasser, T., Ahuvia, A., Dols, J. M., Kim, Y., Lau, S., Ryan, R. M., Saunders, S., Schmuck, P., & Sheldon, K. M. (2005). The structure of goal contents across 15 cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(5), 800–816. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16351369
Grusec, J. E., & Goodnow, J. J. (1994). Impact of parental discipline methods on the child’s internalization of values: A reconceptualization of current points of view. Developmental Psychology, 30(1), 14–19. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.30.1.4.
Holding, A. C., St-Jacques, A., Verner-Filion, J., Kachanoff, F., & Koestner, R. (2020). Sacrifice—but at what price? A longitudinal study of young adults’ sacrifice of basic psychological needs in pursuit of career goals. Motivation and Emotion, 44(1), 99–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-019-09777-7.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.
Kasser, T. (2002). Sketches for a self-determination theory of values. In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 123–140). University of Rochester Press.
Kasser, T., Koestner, R., & Lekes, N. (2002). Early family experiences and adult values: A 26-year, prospective longitudinal study. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(6), 826–835. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202289011.
Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1996). Further examining the American dream: Differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(3), 280–287. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167296223006.
Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (2001). Be careful what you wish for: Optimal functioning and the relative attainment of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. In P. Schmuck & K. M. Sheldon (Eds.), Life goals and well-being: Towards a positive psychology of human striving (pp. 116–131). Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.
Kasser, T., Ryan, R. M., Couchman, C. E., & Sheldon, K. M. (2004). Materialistic values: Their causes and consequences. In T. Kasser & A. D. Kanner (Eds.), Psychology and consumer culture: The struggle for a good life in a materialistic world (pp. 11–28). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10658-002
Kasser, T., Ryan, R. M., Zax, M., & Sameroff, A. J. (1995). The relations of maternal and social environments to late adolescents materialistic and prosocial values. Developmental Psychology, 31(6), 907–914.
Kehoe, C. E., Havighurst, S. S., & Harley, A. E. (2015). Somatic complaints in early adolescence: The role of parents’ emotion socialization. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 35(7), 966–989. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431614547052.
Kline, R. B. (Ed.). (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). The Guilford Press.
Knafo, A., & Schwartz, S. H. (2012). Relational identification with parents, parenting, and parent–child value similarity among adolescents. Family Science, 3(1), 13–21.
Ku, L., Dittmar, H., & Banerjee, R. (2012). Are materialistic teenagers less motivated to learn? Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from the United Kingdom and Hong Kong. Journal of Educational Psychology, 104(1), 74–86.
Lekes, N. (2011). Life goals: Intrinsic and extrinsic pursuits. In R. J. R. Levesque (Ed.), Encyclopedia of adolescence. Springer. https://doi.org/fzb98x
Lekes, N., Gingras, I., Philippe, F. L., Koestner, R., & Fang, J. Q. (2010). Parental autonomy-support, intrinsic life goals, and well-being among adolescents in China and North America. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(8), 858–869.
Lekes, N., Joussemet, M., Koestner, R., Taylor, G., Hope, N. H., & Gingras, I. (2011). Transmitting intrinsic value priorities from mothers to adolescents: The moderating role of a supportive family environment. Child Development Research, 2011, 1–9. https://doi.org/bn4rqx.
Little, T. D. (2013). Longitudinal structural equation modeling. Guilford.
Mageau, G. A., Bureau, J. S., Ranger, F., Allen, M.-P., & Soenens, B. (2016). The role of parental achievement goals in predicting autonomy-supportive and controlling parenting. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(5), 1702–1711. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0341-1.
Mageau, G. A., Joussemet, M., Paquin, C., & Grenier, F. (2022). How-to Parenting Program: Change in parenting and child mental health over one year. Journal of Child and Family Studies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02442-7
Mageau, G. A., Ranger, F., Joussemet, M., Koestner, R., Moreau, E., & Forest, J. (2015). Validation of the Perceived Parental Autonomy Support Scale (P-PASS). Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 47(3), 251–262. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039325.
Massey, E. K., Gebhardt, W. A., & Garnefski, N. (2008). Adolescent goal content and pursuit: A review of the literature from the past 16 years. Developmental Review, 28(4), 421–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2008.03.002.
Min, J., Silverstein, M., & Lendon, J. P. (2012). Intergenerational transmission of values over the family life course. Advances in Life Course Research, 17(3), 112–120.
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (Eds.). (1998–2012). Mplus user’s guide (7th ed.). Muthén & Muthén.
Nishimura, T., Bradshaw, E. L., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2020). Satisfaction of basic psychological needs in an interdependence model of fathers’ own aspirations and those of their adolescent children. Social Development, 30(1), 293–310.
Padilla‐Walker, L. M. (2007). Characteristics of mother‐child interactions related to adolescents’ positive values and behaviors. Journal of marriage and family, 69(3), 675–686. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00399.x.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903.
Prioste, A., Narciso, I., Gonçalves, M. M., & Pereira, C. R. (2015). Family relationships and parenting practices: A pathway to adolescents’ collectivist and individualist values? Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(11), 3258–3267.
Roest, A., Dubas, J. S., & Gerris, J. R. (2009). Value transmissions between fathers, mothers, and adolescent and emerging adult children: The role of the family climate. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(2), 146 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015075.
Rogers, C. R. (1964). Toward a modern approach to values: The valuing process in the mature person. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68(2), 160–167.
Rokeach. (1973). The nature of human values. Free Press.
Roman, N. V., Davids, E. L., Moyo, A., Schilder, L., Lacante, M., & Lens, W. (2015). Parenting styles and psychological needs influences on adolescent life goals and aspirations in a South African setting. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 25(4). https://doi.org/gjrf8m
Ryan, R. M., & Connell, J. P. (1989). Perceived locus of causality and internalization: Examining reasons for acting in two domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(5), 749–761. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.57.5.749.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. Guilford Publications. https://doi.org/gfgxfb
Schafer, J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002). Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7(2), 147–177. https://doi.org/10.1037//1082-989x.7.2.147.
Schmuck, P., Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic goals: Their structure and relationship to well-being in German and US college students. Social Indicators Research, 50(2), 225–241. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007084005278.
Schönpflug, U. (2001). Intergenerational transmission of values. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(2), 174–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022101032002005.
Sheldon, K. M., Gunz, A., Nichols, C. P., & Ferguson, Y. (2010). Extrinsic value orientation and affective forecasting: Overestimating the rewards, underestimating the costs. Journal of Personality, 78(1), 149–178.
Sheldon, K. M., & Kasser, T. (1995). Coherence and congruence: Two aspects of personality integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(3), 531–543.
Sheldon, K. M., & Krieger, L. S. (2014). Walking the talk: Value importance, value enactment, and well-being. Motivation and Emotion, 38(5), 609–619.
Sheldon, K. M., Ryan, R. M., & Reis, H. T. (1996). What makes for a good day? Competence and autonomy in the day and in the person. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(12), 1270–1279.
Skinner, E., Johnson, S., & Snyder, T. (2005). Six dimensions of parenting: A motivational model. Parenting: Science and Practice, 5(2), 175–235.
Soenens, B., Deci, E. L., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2017). How parents contribute to children’s psychological health: The critical role of psychological need support. In L. Wehmeyer, T. D. Little, S. J. Lopez, K. A. Shogren, & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook on the development of self-determination. Springer. https://doi.org/gjkh
Soenens, B., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2010). A theoretical upgrade of the concept of parental psychological control: Proposing new insights on the basis of self-determination theory. Developmental Review, 30(1), 74–99.
Soenens, B., Wuyts, D., Vansteenkiste, M., Mageau, G. A., & Brenning, K. (2015). Raising trophy kids: The role of mothers’ contingent self-esteem in maternal promotion of extrinsic goals. Journal of Adolescence, 42, 40–49.
Stattin, H., & Kim, Y. (2018). Both parents and adolescents project their own values when perceiving each other’s values. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 42(1), 106–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025417713728.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (Eds.). (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson.
Tessier, J., Joussemet, M., Kurdi, V., & Mageau, G. A. (2021). Adolescents “walking the talk”: How value importance and enactment relate to well-being and risk-taking. Motivation and Emotion. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-021-09870-w
Twenge, J. M., & Kasser, T. (2013). Generational changes in materialism and work centrality, 1976-2007: Associations with temporal changes in societal insecurity and materialistic role modeling. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(7), 883–897.
Vallerand, R. J. (1989). Vers une méthodologie de validation trans-culturelle de questionnaires psychologiques: Implications pour la recherche en langue française. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 30(4), 662–680.
Van Den Broeck, A., Schreurs, B., Proost, K., Vanderstukken, A., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2019). I want to be a billionaire: How do extrinsic and intrinsic values influence youngsters’ well-being? The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 682(1), 204–219. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716219831658.
Vansteenkiste, M., Ryan, R. M., & Soenens, B. (2020). Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions. Motivation and Emotion, 44(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-019-09818-1.
Vansteenkiste, M., Soenens, B., Van Petegem, S., & Duriez, B. (2014). Longitudinal associations between adolescent perceived degree and style of parental prohibition and internalization and defiance. Developmental Psychology, 50(1), 229 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032972.
West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with nonnormal variables: Problem and remedie. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 56–75). Sage.
Whitbeck, L. B., & Gecas, V. (1988). Value attributions and value transmission between parents and children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50(3). https://doi.org/cxrpfq
Williams, G. C., Hedberg, V. A., Cox, E. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Extrinsic life goals and health-risk behaviors in adolescents. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(8), 1756–1771. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02466.x.
Williams, K. E., & Ciarrochi, J. (2019). Perceived parenting styles and values development: A longitudinal study of adolescents and emerging adults. Journal of Research on Adolescence. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12542
Wouters, S., Colpin, H., Luyckx, K., & Verschueren, K. (2018). Explaining the relationship between parenting and internalizing symptoms: The role of self-esteem level and contingency. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(10), 3402–3412.
Zuckerman, M., Gagné, M., Nafshi, I., Knee, C. R., & Kieffer, S. C. (2002). Testing discrepancy effects: A critique, a suggestion, and an illustration. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 34(3), 291–303.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
J.T. and M.J. contributed to the study conception and design. Data collection was performed by J.T. Data analysis was performed by J.T. and V.K., with M.J. and G.A.M. contributing to results interpretation. The manuscript was drafted by J.T. and all other authors reviewed and commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by the Fonds Québécois de Recherche sur la Société et la Culture (FQRSC) under Grant (# 196443) to the second and fourth authors and a scholarship (#206141) to the first author.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical Approval
This project was approved by the “Comité d’éthique de la recherche en arts et en sciences” of the University of Montreal (CERAS # 2017-18-101-D).
Consent to Participate
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants.
Additional information
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Tessier, J., Joussemet, M., Kurdi, V. et al. How Perceived Detrimental Parenting Relates to Adolescents’ Intrinsic and Extrinsic Values. J Child Fam Stud 32, 1218–1231 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02483-y
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02483-y